^m 


^nibtv^it^  at  WivQinis^  M^naQVHpM 

SCHOOL   OF  TEUTONIC  LANGUAGES 
No.  II. 

'dited  by  JAMES  A.  HARRISON,  Professor  of  Teutonic  Lamouaqes 


SYNTAX  OF  THE  VERB 


IN 


HE   ANGLO-SAXON   CHRONICLE    FROM   787   A.D. 
TO   1001   A.D, 


DISSERTATION 


Presented  to  the  Faculty  of  the  University  of  Virginia  for  the 
Degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy 

BY 

HUGH   MERCER   BLAIN,  M.A. 


NEW  YORK 
A.   S.  BARNES    AND    COMPANY 

1901 


ANGLO-SAXON   TEXTS. 


ANGLO-SAXON   PROSE   READER 

With  Grammar  and  Vocabulary  Combined. 

LV 

JAMES  A.  HABBISON,  L.H.D.,  LL.D.,  W.  H.  BA8KEB7ILLE,  PH.D.  (Lipi.), 

Professor  of  English  Language  in  ^•*''        Professor  of  English  in  I'anderbilt 

University  of  Virginia,  University,  Nashville,  Tenn. 

200  pp.     x2mo.     Cloth.     Price,  $i.ao,  ntt. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  manual  the  Editors  have  had  in  view,  first,  the  supply  of  new 
and  fresh  elementary  prose  texts  for  the  use  of  students  and  teachers  desirous  of  varying  the 
Anglo-Saxon  primers  and  readers  now  before  the  public;  second,  a  more  complete  and  prac- 
tical presentation  of  working  forms  in  the  grammar  proper. 

During  the  progress  of  the  work  of  preparation,  friendly  and  valuable  suggestions  were 
received  from  Professors  Bright,  Mead,  W.  Calloway,  Jr.,  and  Blackburn. 


By  the  same    Authors, 

A  Handy  Poetical  Anglo-Saxon  Dictionary. 

BASED  ON  GBOSCHOPP'S  QREIN. 

Edited,  RE\nsKD,  and  Corrected,  with  Grammatical  .\ppksdix,  List  of 
Irregular  Verbs,  and  Brief  Etymological  Featvrks. 

318  pp.    8vo.     Half  Leather.     Price,  $340,  net. 

In  preparing  this  edition  of  Groschopp's  Revised  Grein's  Poetical  Lexicon  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  Language,  several  new  and  important  features  have  been  introduced;  the  prominent 
ones  are:  — 

1.  A  Grammatical  Appendix  intended  to  convey  in  brief  but  explicit  form  a  working  Out- 
line of  Anglo-Saxon  Grammar. 

2.  Cognate  words  from  the  Icelandic,  Gothic,  Old  High  German  and  Modern  German, 
intended  to  show  some  of  the  etymological  connections  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  poetic  vocabulary. 

3.  A  List  of  the  Irregular  Verbs  occurring  in  Anglo-Saxon  Poetry. 

4.  The  use  of  Antique  Type  in  the  definitions  of  words,  by  which  the  modem  English 
derivative  may  be  directly  traced  to  the  Anglo-Saxon  original. 

The  present  volume  contains  all  words  in  Anglo-Saxon  Poetry,  affording  students  of  Old 
English  a  handy  volume  by  means  of  which  any  poem  of  that  time  may  be  read  and  sttidied. 


Also 

AN  OUTLINE  OF  ANGLO-SAXON  GRAMMAR 

WITH    A 

LIST  OF  IRREGULAR   VERBS. 

66  pp.     8vo.     Cloth.     Price,  60  cents,  net. 

A.  S.   BARNES   &   CO.,   Publishers, 

156    FIFTH    AVENUE,         -        -        -        -         NEW  YORK 


SYNTAX  OF  THE  YEHB 


SCHOOL   OF   TEUTONIC   LANGUAGES 

No.  II. 

Edited  by  JAMES   A.  HARRISON,  Pkofkssou  of  Teitontc  lAycvAfiHS  ', 


SYNTAX  OF  THE  VERB 


IN 


THE   ANGLO-SAXON   CHRONICLE    FROM   787   A.D. 
TO   1001   A.D. 


DISSERTATION 


Presented  to  the  Faculty  of  the  XJNtVERsixY  of  Virginia  for  the 
Degree  of  Doctor  of  Philosophy 

BY 

HUGH   MERCER   BLAIN,  M.A. 


NEW   YORK 

A.   S.   BARNES    AND    COMPANY 

1901 


Copyright,  1901 
By  a.  S.  Barnkh  and  Compant 

All  rights  reserved 


TO 

MY    FATHER 


814983 


PREFACE. 


The  object  of  this  paper  is  to  furnish  a  nucleus  for  a  "  Working 
Syntax  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  Verb."  My  original  plan  was  to 
combine  the  results  of  this  research  with  other  treatises  on  the 
Verb  in  Anglo-Saxon  (as  suggested  by  Professor  Chase  in  his 
"  Bibliography  of  Anglo-Saxon  Monographs  "),  thus  forming  a 
convenient  working  syntax  of  the  verb.  After  much  labor  and 
delay,  however,  in  endeavoring  to  obtain  the  necessary  books  and 
dissertations,  I  decided  to  present  this  part  of  the  work,  with  the 
hope  that  I  may  be  able  in  the  near  future  to  carry  out  the 
original  plan. 

The  research  is  for  the  most  part  limited  to  the  Parker  (A)  and 
Laud  (E)  MSS.  of  the  Chronicle,  between  the  years  787  and 
1001,  as  being  representative  of  the  whole  Chronicle.  It  is  im- 
possible here,  —  even  were  it  necessary,  —  to  discuss  the  origin 
of  the  Chronicle,  the  relative  value  of  the  MSS.,  and  their  dates 
of  writing.  For  the  full  discussion  of  these  important  points,  I 
would  refer  to  Vol.  II.  of  Earle  and  Plummer's  "  Two  Saxon 
Chronicles  Parallel."  It  is  only  necessary  to  state  that  this 
valuable  authority  concludes  that  the  entries  in  the  Parker  MS. 
(787  to  1001)  were  made  not  long  after  the  events  which  they 
describe,  while  the  Laud  MS.  was  written  between  the  years  1121 
and  1154.  Thus  our  work  is  a  comparison  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
Prose  Syntax  of  the  eighth,  ninth,  and  tenth  centuries  with  that 
of  the  twelfth.  In  case  of  doubtful  points,  however,  the  conclu- 
sions are  based  on  the  whole  text  as  found  in  Vol.  I.  of  Earle 
and  Plummer. 

In  general  arrangement  I  have  followed  Eeussner's  "  Untersuch- 
ungen  liber  die  Syntax  des  Verbums  im  Heiligen  Andreas,"  but 


viii  PREFACE. 

wiili  numeroCis  variations.  Although  there  is  necessarily  little 
claim  to  ongiiiality  in  general,  I  would  call  especial  attention 
to  the  treatment  of  Number  and  Person,  which  is  original  in 
both  order  and  contents. 

Other  books  from  which  I  have  gleaned  valuable  suggestions 
are :  March's  "  Anglo-Saxon  Grammar,"  Sweet's  "  Xew  English 
Grammar,"  Nader's  "  Syntax  in  Beowulf,"  Blackburn's  "  Future  in 
Old  English,"  Smith's  "  Order  of  Words  in  Anglo-Saxon  Prose," 
Smith's  "  Collective  in  Modern  English,"  Gori-ell's  "Indirect  Dis- 
course in  Anglo-Saxon,"  Harrison's  "  French  Syntax  "  (condensed 
by  H.  M.  Blain),  Harrison  and  Baskerville's  "  New  Anglo-Saxon 
Reader,"  Gildersleeve's  "  Latin  Grammar,"  numerous  issues  of 
Auglia  and  Modem  Language  Publications,  and  the  author's 
"  Subordinate  Clauses  in  Judith." 

I  am  especially  indebted  to  Prof.  J.  A.  Harrison,  of  the  Uni- 
versity of  Virginia,  for  his  ready  aid  at  all  times  and  f(tr  the 
general  oversight  of  the  whole  work. 

Although  one  among  many  bearing  on  the  same  subject,  it  is 
my  hope  that  this  little  monograph  may  serve  to  hasten,  and  may 
even  furnish  some  suggestions  to  be  incorporated  in  the  much- 
needed  "  Working  Syntax  of  Anglo-Saxon." 


CONTENTS. 


A.  —  Voices. 


I.  Active: — §§  1-4,  Periphrastic  forms.  §  5,  Indef.  man.  II.  Passive:  —  §  6, 
Formation.  §  7,  Present.  §  8,  Pret.  §9,  Perf.  §  10,  Plup.  §§11,  12,  Fu- 
ture.    §  13,  Imperat.     §  14,  Infin. 

B.  —  Tenses. 

I.  Simple:  — §§  15-19,  Present.  §§  20-24,  Pret.  II.  Compound:— §§  26,  27, 
Perf.  §§  28,  29,  Plup.  §  30,  Fut.  formed  by  sc«/a«  and  m7/an,  +  Inf.  §31,Fut. 
Perf.  §  32,  Condit.  III.  Sequence :  —  §  33,  Prin.  Clause,  Present ;  Dep. 
Clause,  Pres.  or  Imperf .    §§  34, 35,  Prin.  Clause,  Pret.;  Dep.  Clause,  Pret.  (pres.). 

C.  —  Number  and  Person. 

I.  Agreement  of  pred.  with  single  subject :  —  §  37,  Agreement  of  vb.  with  subj. 
§§  38-44,  Collectives  :  here,  fierd,  laf,  tSeod,  sumer-lida,  eaca,  unfritSJlota,  dcel, 
tSeodsci/pe.  §§  42-44,  Rel.  Pron.  Subj.  §  45,  '5cet  as  subj.  §  46,  hiccet  as  subj. 
§  47,  Feala.  §  48,  Monig  mon,  tntpnig  secg.  §  49,  ma  with  foil.  gen.  §§  50,  51, 
Numerals.  II.  Agreement  of  pred.  with  more  than  one  subject:  —  §  53,  Sub- 
jects. . .  .  plur.  vb.  §  54,  Vb.  .  .  .  Subj.  §  55,  Aux.  .  .  .  Subj.  .  .  .  particip. 
§  56,  Sing.  subj.  .  .  .  vb.  .  .  .  additional  subj.  §  58,  Vb.  +  Subj.  +  mid-phrase. 
§  59,  Subj.  +  vb.  -|-  mjc?-phrase.     §  60,  Subj.  -f  »j/c?-phrase.  .  .  +  vb. 

D.  —  Moods. 

I.  Principal  Clause  ;  — §  61,  Indie.  §  62,  Subj.  §  63,  Imperat.  §  64,  Subj. 
used  imperatively.  II.  Dept.  Clauses:  —  1.  Subject  Clauses:  §§  65,  66,  Ind. ; 
§  67,  Subj.  2.  Obj.  Clauses  :  §§  68-70,  Ind. ;  §§  71-73,  Subj.  §  74,  App.  obj. 
clauses.  3.  Rel.  Clauses:  §§  75,  76,  Ind.;  §  77,  Subj.  4.  Temp.  Clauses: 
§  80,  Zonne  =  cum  ;  §  81,  3a  =  cum ;  §  82,  .swd  (sona  swd)  ;  §  83,  5a  hwile  tSe ; 
§  84,  tSrt  hwile  tJe  lengest ;  §  85,  |>aes  he,  si^an  ;  §  87,  ar  -f  Ind.  ;  §  88,  aer  -f  Subj. ; 
§  90,  o(J,  etc.,  -f  Ind.  5.  Causal  Clauses  :  §  91,  ^if^forZan  Zmt,  fnr1i(vvi  ^e,  for^i 
Zet,  foils  1/ 'Se,  mid  3rem  tScet.  6.  Cond.  Clauses:  §  92,  Ind.;  §§  93,  94,  Subj. 
7.  Concess.  Clauses:  §  95,  Ind. ;  §§  96.  97,  Subj.  8.  Consec.  Clauses:  §98, 
Ind.;  §  99,  Temp,  meaning;  §  100,  Subj.  9.  Final  Clau.ses  :  §  101,  Subj.  with 
tScet  (swd  •ScEt]  ;  10.    Modal  Clauses:  §  103,  swd  (.  .  .  swd) ;  §  104.  tices  3e. 


CONTENTS. 


E.  —  Infinitive. 

§  105,  Simple  Inf.  with  aux.  vbs.  §  106,  luf.  ojiiittod.  §  107.  Inf.  (or  Inf.  4-obj.) 
after  traus.  vbs.  §  108,  vb. +  obj.  Inf.  (+obj.)  §§109-111,  Simple  Inf.  after 
Intraus.  vbs.     §§  112,  113,  Inf.  with  to. 

F.  —  I'akticiples. 

I.  Present  part. :  — §§  115,  116,  Attrib.  u.^e.  §§  117,  118,  Predic.  §119,  Snbst. 
II.  I'crf.  part. :  — §§  121,  122,  Attrib.  §§  123,  124,  I'redic.  §§  125,  126,  Agree- 
ment of  i)art.  §  127,  Subst.  §  128,  Used  for  a  dcj).  clause,  pure  part.  §  129, 
Verbal  Subst. 

G.  — Auxiliary  Vkkiis. 

§  131,  WeorZan  as  notional  verb.  §  132,  Ilahlmu  a.s  notional  verb.  §  133,  Dun. 
§  134,  Cunnan.  §  135,  Diirran.  §§  136,  137,  Miujan.  §  138,  Zurfan.  §  139. 
H7//an  =  desire.  §  140,  141,  IF/Y/an  —  futurity.  §  142,  Wiltan  as  notional 
verb.  §  143,  Sculan  as  aux.  vb.  §  144,  Pret.  of  scnlan  +  Inf.  =  futurity. 
§  145.    Other  uses  of  sculan. 

11.  —  Government  of  Verbs. 

§  147,  Vbs.  with  ace.  §  148,  Dat.  §  149,  Gen.  §  150,  Two  cases.  §  151,  Retiex 
vbs.     §  152,  lutr.  vbs.     §  153,  Impers.  vbs. 


EXPLANATION  OF  REFERENCES. 


The  text  used  is  that  of  Earle  and  Plummer.  Reference  is 
made  by  means  of  annals,  unless  the  annal  covers  more  than  a 
page,  in  which  case  the  page  is  generally  given  in  addition.  The 
letters  t,  h,  m,  1,  b,  suflixed  to  page  references  indicate  top,  high, 
middle,  low,  bottom.  The  letters  A,  E,  C,  F,  etc.,  indicate  the 
MS.  to  which  the  example  belongs,  —  A  being  the  Parker  MS.,  and 
E  the  Laud  MS.  Examples  with  no  capital  letter  following  the 
annal  occur  in  both  A  and  E,  the  text  being  that  of  E.  M=  the 
Menologium. 

A  small  figure  in  parenthesis,  following  an  example,  indicates 
the  number  of  similar  examples  in  the  same  annal. 


THE    VERB. 


A.  — VOICES. 

ACTIVE. 

§  1.  It  is  necessary  here  merely  to  call  attention  to  one  or 
two  circumlocutions  which  were  in  use  in  Old  English,  though 
not  to  the  extent  that  they  are  employed  in  Modern  English. 

§  2.  The  periphrastic  forms  corresponding  to  the  modem 
English  ivas  (fighting^,  were  {Jighting},  are  not  in  frequent  use 
in  the  Chronicle,  and  are  only  vaguely  differentiated  from  the 
simple  preterit.  In  almost  every  case  these  forms  are  from  the 
verbs  feohtan  and  winnan,  although  the  simple  preterits  of  these 
verbs  are  found  with  the  same  meaning.  [See  Sweet,  N.  E.  G., 
§  2203,  foil.] 

fa  ut  resde  on  hine,  and  hine  mycckim  gewundode,  and  he 
ealle  on  Sone  cining  feohtende  wseron,  o6  pet  hig  hine  ofslsegen 
haefdon,  755,  p.  49 1. 

Her  com  micel  sciphere  on  Waest  Wealas,  and  hi  to  anum 
gecyrdon,  and  wiS  Ecgbriht  Waest  Seaxna  cining  winnende 
wseron,  835. 

and  ])y  ilcan  geare  ferde  to  Rome  mid  mycclum  wurSscipe,  and 
pger  wunade  •  XII  •  monaS,  855  E.  Cf.  .  .  .,  and  pser  was 
•  XII  •  monap  wuniende,  855  A. 

and  hi  late  on  geare  to  J)am  gecyrdon,  pset  hi  wi5  Jjone  here 
winnende  wseron,  867. 

Her  on  fisum  geare  com  Anlaf  .  .  .  mid  .  .  .  scipum,  and  hi 
Sa  on  Sa  burh  festlice  feohtende  waeron,  and  eac  hi  mid  fyre 
ontendan  woldon,  994  E. 

Her  com  se  here  to  exanmuSan,  and  up  Sa  eodan  to  Sere  byrig, 
and  |)aer  fgestlice  feohtende  waeron,  ac  him  man  swySe  faestlice 
wiSstod,  1001  E. 

1 


2  VERBS   IN  THE   ANGLO-SAXON. 

§  3.  lu  several  iiistauces  tlie  idea  of  coutiauity  is  more 
prominent  (=  "  proceeded  to  "). 

and  J»oer  wearS  Sidrac  eorl  ofslflegen.  .  .  .  and  )»a  hergas  begen 
geflymde,  and  feala  |>usendaofslagenra,:ind  onfeohtende  waeron 
oS  niht,  and  ))a!S  ynib  •  xiiii  •  niht  gefeaht  .-ESered  cining 
.  .  .,  871. 

and  J)y  geare  Ilealfdene  NorSunhymbra  land  gedadde,  and 
hergeude  weron,  and  heora  tiligende  wuTon,  87G. 

and  ]>xs  on  Eastrou  wrohte  /Elfred  cyning  lytle  werede 
geweorc  aet  /ESelinga  ige,  and  of  pam  geweorce  waes  winnende 
wis  )>one  here,  878. 

§  4.  In  the  following  sentence  the  participle  is  used  as  a 
substantive  : 

Nil  wille  ic  hit  segge  mid  worde  pxt  hwa  swa  halt  ))is  write 
and  )>is  bode,  \>a,  wurSe  he  efre  wuniende  (=  a  dweller)  mid 
God  .Elmiliti  on  heuenrice,  675  E.  p.  3G  b. 

§  5.  The  indefinite  man  with  an  active  verb,  instead  of  the 
regular  passive  construction,  is  found  throughout  the  Chronicle, — 
frequently  instead  of  the  definite  pronoun  hie. 

and  hine  man  ofsloh  pa,  787. 

and  man  gehalgodo  on  his  steal  Ecgberht  .  .  .  and  Wulfred 
[wjes]  to  arceb  gehalgod,  803  E. 

8o  794  E.  796  E.  797  E.  798  E.  82o.  871.  877.  878.  892  A. 
894  A,  p.  8G  ].;  p.  87  t.  896  A.  897  A,  p.  91  m.  901  A  (2). 
906  A.  913  A.  918  A.  962  A.  963  E,  p.  116  (3) :  p.  117  b  (3). 
975  A.  993  A.  991  E.  992  E.  993  E.  994  E  (rep.).  998  E.  999  E 
(2).  1001  E  (2). 

PASSIVE. 

i;  6.  The  Passive  is  formed  by  the  past  i)articiple  with  the 
auxiliary  verbs  hPon,  nraan,  and  unn'^an  (^(jcweor^nn). 

§  7.  The  Present  Passive  is  formed  by  the  perfect  participle 
with  the  present  forms  of  Mon,  wesan,  and  ^vcortitm. 

eoni,  etc. : 

hie  gedydon  on  anre  westre  ceastre  on  Wirhealum,  sec  is 

Legaceaster  gehaten,  894  A.  p.  88  t. 


VOICES  —  PASSIVE.  3 

pset  is  Meres  ig  haten,  895  A. 

and  his  hauda  sindon  on  Bebbanburh  ungebrosnode,  641  E. 

beon,  etc. : 

and  ic  wille  ])et  j)us  be  gifen  se  toll.  .  .  .  And  ic  wille  pset 

markete  beo  in  ))e  selue  tun,  963  E,  p.  116  b. 

So  675  E,  p.  36  m. ;  p.  31  h. 

weor^an  : 

and  hwa  swa  hit  to  breceS,  l>a  wurSe  he  amansumed  and 
aniSrod  mid  ludas  and  mid  ealle  deoiie  on  lielle  baton  he 
cume  to  dedbote,  675  E,  p.  37  t. 

§  8.    The  Preterit  is  formed  by  the  perfect  participle  with 
the  preterit  of  weor'Sctn  and  ivesan. 

iveor'&an  : 

twfBgen  aldormen  wurdon  of  slagene,  821. 

se  ealdorman  waerS  of  sloegen,  837  E. 

and  J>8er  gehorsade  wurdon,866. 

and  se  dsel  }?e  ])8er   aweg   com  wurdon  on  fleame   generede, 

894  A,  p.  87  b. 

Ne  wearS  Angelcynne  nan  wsersa  daed  gedon,  979  E. 

and  j/0er  wearS  para  Denescra  micle  ma  ofslegenra,  1001  A. 

fonne  wearS  )7ser  aefre  purh  sum  ]nng  fleam  astiht,  998  E. 

So  also  :  794  E  (2),  822.  833.  838  A.  853  A.  866.  870 1.  871  (6). 

881.  885.  887.  892.  893  A.  894  A,  p.  87  b  (2).  896  A.  897  A 
(2).  905  A  (2).  925  A.  937  A.  948  E.  962  A.  959  E  (2).  975  A 

■       (3).  978 1.  1001  A  (2).  894  A,  p.  87  h  ;  p.  87  m. 

wesan : 

Her  wses  sinoS  gegaderod,  788  E. 

and  aefter  him  wses  Paschalis  to  papan  gehalgod,  815  E.  816  A. 

and  ])aer  wses  my  eel  wsel  geslaegen,  823. 

So  also  :  789  E  (4).  790  (2).  791  E.  792  E  (3).  793  E  (2).  794 
(2).  795  E  (3).  800  E  (2).  800  1.  (wceron  omitted).  802.  806  E. 
830  (2).  838  A.  852  E  (A  has  wear^).  867  (2).  871  (3).  878. 

882.  887.  890  A.  89i  A  (2).  894  A,  p.  87  t ;   p.  87  h  ;  p.  87  1. 

895  A.  897  A  (7).  901  A.  905  A.  911  A.  921 1,  p.  103  t  (2). 
922  A.  925  E.  937  A.  942  1.  963  E  (9).  972  E.  973  A  (5). 
975  A  (3).  975  E.  978  E.  979  E  (2).  984.  985  E.  987  E.  988  E. 
989  E.  991  E  (2).  993  E.  996  E.  1001  A. 


4  VERBS   IN   TIIK   ANGLO-SAXON. 

§  9.  The  Perfect  is  formed  by  eotn,  etc.  witli  ihe  perfect 
participle,  and  fre(iueutly  denotes  a  condition  or  state.  The  par- 
ticiple in  this  case  approaches  the  meaning  of  an  adjective. 

Ic  tySe  I'iet  eallu  \>a  |'ing  \>e  her  is  gifen  and  sprecon. 
and  .  .  .  yG3E,  p.  117  h. 

§  10.  The  Pluperfect  follows  in  its  formation  that  of  the 
preterit.     It  is  equivalent  to  the  Latin  Pluperfect  Passive. 

ne  com  se  here  oftor  ealle  ute  of  \mm  setuin  ))onne  tuwwa, 
o)>re  s\\>e  )>a  hie  aerest  to  londe  comon,  aer  sio  fierd  gesamnod 
wcere,  894  A,  p.  84  b. 

and  8a  Deniscan  sseton  fser  behindan,  for)>8em  hiora  cyning 
waes  gewundod  on  paem  gefeohte,  894  A,  p.  86 1. 

§  11.  The  Future  is  sometimes  formed  by  the  present  of  b^on 
and  weor^an  with  the  perfect  participle : 

paucod  wurS  hit  )»on  li.Tge  .iElmihti  God  )iis  wurSscipe  ])aet 
her  is  gedon,  656  E,  p.  30  m. 

and  hwilc  abbot  }>e  he\>  )»aer  coren  of  ))e  munecan  ))aet  he  beo 
gebletsad  of  J>an  aercebiscop  of  Cantwarbyrig,  675  E,  j).  36  m. 

§  12.  The  Future  is  also  formed  by  sceal  and  the  jussive 
infinitive. 

Nu  sceal  beon  ipfre  on  li  abbod  na?s  biscop,  and  )'am  sculou 
[beon]  underj'U'dde  ealle  Scotta  biscopes,  56")  E. 

§  13.  The  Imperative  is  formed  willi  ivcor^an  (or  wesan) 
and  the  perfect  participle.  There  is  no  example  of  pure  impera- 
tive in  the  Chronicle. 

and  hwa  swa  hit  to  brecoS,  J»a  wurSo  he  amansumed  and 
anifirod  .  .  .  675  E,  p.  37  t.     (Subj   as  Iniperat.) 

§  14.  The  Inlinitive  is  fornii'd  ]>y  the  infinitive  of  weortSan 
(or  wesan)  witli  the  jK'rfect  participle.  Tlie  Chronicle  has  not  a 
single  infinitive  passive. 


THE   TENSES— PRESENT. 


B.  — THE   TENSES   OF   THE   VEEB. 

USE   OF   THE  SIMPLE   TENSES. 
PKESENT. 

§  15.    The  Present  Tense  is  used  of  that  which  is  going  on 
now,  denoting  action  as  well  as  state. 

aud  his  lie  liS  on  Wintanceastre,  855  E. 

and  py  ilcan  geare  for  se  here  of  Sigene  to  Scandlaudan,  |>et 
is  betwix  Bryttum  and  Francum,  890. 

.  . .  seteowde  se  steorra  pe  mon  on  boclseden  haet  cometa,  same 
men  cwepa})  ou  Englisc  paet  hit  sie  feaxede  steorra,  for]?aem 
paer  stent  lang  leoma  of  .  .  .  892  A. 

se  muSa  is  on  eastwarde  Cent.  ...  J^e  we  Andrsed  hataS,  se 
wudu  is  .  .  .  hundtwelftig  mihx  lang,  892  E  (893  A). 

pa  gegaderedon  fa  pe  in  Norphymbrum  bugeaS,  894  A,  p.  86 1. 
So  also  :  860  (2).  871.  874.  888.  962  A.  963  E,  p.  115  b.  973  A 
(rep.).  979  E.  1001  A  (rep.). 

§  16,    In  the  following  example  the  Preterit  would  be  more 
natural : 

and  hine  geces  pa  to  fseder  and  to  hlaforde  Scotta  cyning  and 
.  .  .  and  ealle  pa  pe  on  jSTorphyrabrum  bugeap  .  .  .  924  A. 

The  clause  Sa  3e  on  Hor^hymhrum  hugeatS  is  regularly  used  as  a 
noun  (=  the  inhabitants  of  Northumbria),  and  the  scribe  does 
not  see  fit  to  change  the  tense  in  this  instance. 

§  17.    The    following  show  the   simple   Present  where   in 
Modern  Enghsh  we  regularly  use  the  c?o-form : 

Ic  Wulfere  gife  to  daii  See  Fetre  ...  656  E. 

Ic  ^dgar  geate  and  gife  to  d?ei  toforen  Gode  .  .  .  963  E.  [See 
under  the  auxiliary  verb  do?i  (§  133).] 

§  18.    The  Historical   Present   is   rare,  the   preterit   being 
almost  invariably  employed. 

Marcus  se  godspellere  in  Egipta  aginp  writan  paet  godspell, 
47  F. 


6  VKRHS   IN    THE    ANGLO-SAXON. 

§  19.  The  Present  is  regularly  used  for  the  future  in  Old 
English,  but  it  seldom  occurs  in  this  capacity  in  the  Chronicle. 
Instead  is  found  the  circumlocution  with  sculan  and  willan, 
from  which  our  Modern  English  future  is  derived. 

and  gif  hwa  cow  wiSstent,  we  eow  fultumiaS,  J>aet  ge  hit 
nuigon  gegangan,  p.  3  E. 

pancod  wur8  hit  J)ou  haege  iElmihti  God  J)is  wurSscipe  paet 
her  is  gedon,  and  ic  wile  wurSigen  J)is  daei  Crist  and  See  Peter, 
65G  E,  p.  30  lu. 

and  hwilc  abbot  Jje  hep  J>fer  coren  of  pe  munecan  [ic  wille"] 
paet  he  beo  gebletsad  .  .  .  075  E,  p.  30  ui. 

PRETERIT. 

§  20.  The  Preterit  states  a  past  action,  without  any  refer- 
ence to  the  present  (Historical  Perfect).  It  is  the  great  narrative 
tense,  and  is  found  in  almost  every  line  of  the  Chronicle. 

Her  nora  Beorhtric  cyning  offan  debtor  Eadburge  ;  and  on  his 
daguin  cuomon  aerest  •  iii"  scipu,  and  pa  se  gerefa  J>cTerto  gerad, 
and  hie  wolde  drifan  to  pses  cyninges  tune  l>y  he  nyste  hwset 
hie  wseron  ;  and  liieiie  men  of  slog ;  p?et  waeron  pa  arestan 
scipu  Deniscra  monna  pe  Angelcynnes  lond  gesoliton,  787. 
Et  al.  ad  infin. 

§  21.  The  Preterit  denotes  continuance  in  the  past,  and  is 
employed  to  represent  customs,  conditions,  feelings,  etc.  The 
analytical  form  is  generally  employed.     [For  examjUes,  see  §  3.] 

J)a  wicode  se  cyng  on  neaweste  J)are  byrig,  pa  hwile  pe  hie  hira 
corn  gerypon,  paet  .  .  .  890  A. 

A  doubtful  example  is : 

and  pa  swi8e  rape  refter  paeim,  swa  pa  opre  ham  comon,  pa 
fundon  hie  opif  Hocradc,  917  A. 

Also  :  pa  gewendon  hi  geond  pa?t  laud,  and  dydon  call  swa 
hi  bewuna  wapron,  slogon  and  beorndon,  1001  E. 

§  22,  The  Preterit  represents  an  action  as  completed  in  tlie 
past,  or  a  condition  resulting  from  the  completed  action  (=  Lat. 
Pres.  Perf.). 


THE   TENSES  — FORMATION   AND    USE.  7 

and  J>aer  f»8et  mseste  wael  geslogou  on  hseSene  here  pe  we  aefve 
gesecgan  herdoii  (cf.  Vulgar  "heard  tell  of"),  851. 

Her  for  se  myccla  here  J>e  we  gefyru  £er  ymbspraecon,  892  E 
(893  A). 

§  23.  The  Preterit  sometimes  has  the  meauiug  of  a  Plu- 
perfect. 

paet  waerou  J?a  aerestau  scipu  Deniscra  uionua  pe  Angelcynnes 
lend  gesohton,  787. 

and  3a  Deniscan  saeton  paer  behindan,  forp?em  hiora  cyning 
waes  gewundod  on  psera  gefeohte  .  .  .  894  A,  p.  86  t. 

pa  hie  'Sa  fela  wucena  steton  on  twa  healfe  })cer[e]  e,  and  se 
cyng  wass  west  on  Defnum  wij)  J)one  sciphere,  pa  wteron  hie 
mid  metelieste  gewsegde  .  .  .  894  A,  p.  87 1. 

§  24.  The  Preterit  is  also  employed  with  the  meaning  of  a 
Conditional. 

Her  bsed  Burgrced  Miercna  cyning  and  his  wiotan  iE}>ehvulf 
cyning  ps&t  he  him  gefultuuiade  pset  him  Nor})  Walas  gehiersu- 
made,  853  A. 

and  Burhcred  Myrcena  cining  and  his  witan  bsedon  ^Selred 
West  Seaxna  cining  and  Alfred  his  broSor  J>et  hi  him  fultu- 
medon,  868. 

and  he  him  aSas  swor  and  gislas  sealde,  ]>et  hit  him  georo 
wsere  swa  hwilce  dsege  swa  hi  hit  habban  woldon,  874. 

pa  gerjedde  se  cyng  and  ealle  his  witan  foet  man  gegaderode 
J)a  scipu  ...  992  E. 

and  wrohton  pset  mseste  yfel  pe  sefre  aenig  here  don  mihte 
(could  have  done)  .  .  .  994  E. 

cume  to  J)aet  mynstre  .  .  .  and  haue  foet  i'l'ce  forgiuenesse  .  .  . 
paet  he  scolde  haueu  gif  he  to  Eonie  fore,  675  E,  p.  36  1. 

FORMATION   AND   USE   OF   THE   COMPOUND   TENSES. 

§  25.  In  addition  to  the  use  of  the  simple  Preterit  as  a 
Perfect  and  Pluperfect  (§§  22  and  23),  these  tenses  are  formed 
by  an  auxiliary  verb  with  the  perfect  participle. 

§  26.  The  Perfect  of  transitive  verbs  is  formed  in  the  active 
by  the  present  of  habban  with  the  perfect  participle. 


8  VERBS  IN   TIIK   ANGLO-SAXON. 

Ic  bane  geheord  seo  kyuiuges  .^Selredes  geornunge  .  .  .  and 
ic  wille  I)a?t  hit  on  a?lle  wise  beo,  swa  swa  ge  hit  sprecou 
huuen,  G7o  E,   p.  3G  li. 

ac  hine  hafaS  his  heofonlica  fieder  swi?5e  gewrecen.  ...  Ac  se 
uplica  Wrecend  hafaS  his  geuiynd  on  heofenum,  and  on 
eoiSan  tobra;d,  971)  E. 

For  the  Perfect  Passive,  see  §  9. 

§  27.  The  Perfect  of  intransitive  verbs  is  formed  by  the 
present  of  the  substantive  verb  with  the  perfect  participle.  It 
generally  expresses  the  condition  (state)  arising  from  an  uncom- 
pleted action. 

GO  niin  broSer  is  faren  of  J)isse  liue  swa  swa  Crist  wolde, 
656  E,  p.  29  b. 

§  28.  The  Pluperfect  of  transitive  verbs  is  formed  in  the 
active  by  the  preterit  of  hahhan  with  the  perfect  participle. 

Her  Ecgbriht  cining  forS  ferde,  and  hine  a>r  hirfde  Offa  ^lyr- 
cena  cining,  and  Byrhtric  Waest  Siexna  cining  aflymde  .  .  . 
836. 

and  hi  haefdon  heora  cining  aworpene  Osbriht,  867. 

pa  .  .  .  and  sc  here  J)a  burg  beseten  haefde,  894  A,  p.  87  t. 

fand  ])a  liidde  in  ])a  ealde  wealle  writes  ])et  Headda  abb  Iroafde 
fer  gewriton,  liu  Wulfhere  kyng  and  .ESelrod  his  broSor  hit 
hi-afden  wrolit,  963  E,  p.  116  t. 

So  also  :  894  A,  ad  init.  (2)  ;  p.  85  :  p.  86  1 ;  p.  86  b  ;  p.  87  1. 
895  A  (3).  896  A  (2).  897  A.  901  A.  905  A.  917  A.  918  A. 
921  A,  p.  102  ni.  1001  A  (2). 

For  tlie  Plu])erfect  Passive,  see  §  10. 

§  29.  The  Phi]H'rfect  of  intninsiiive  verbs  of  motion  is 
f<»rme<l  by  the  preterit  of  vH-mn  with  the  |»erfert  participle. 

Iler.wa'ron  n-JSc  fmi'liccna  cuniene  ofi  r  X<ir^anhynibra  land, 
793  E. 

hfefde  Ilajsten  aer  goworlit  I).Tt  goweorc  tet  lieaniflote,  and  wa's 
J)a  utafaren  on  liergap,  891  A,  ]i.  8(5  ni. 

and  him  ciorde  call  p.i't  folc  to  peon  Mercna  lande  geseten 
wais,  ajgper  ge  Denisc  ge  Englisce,  922  A. 


THE   SEQUENCE   OF   TENSES.  9 

and  seo  unfriSflota  waes  paes  sumeres  gewend  to  Ricardes  rice, 
1000  E. 

So  also  :  894  A,  p.  86  m.  (2)  ;  p.  87  t  (2)  ;  p.  87  1.  897  A. 
963  E,  p.  117  1.  973  A  (2).  1001  A. 

§  30.  Besides  the  use  of  the  Present  as  a  Future  (§  19),  the 
Future  is  more  frequently  formed  by  sculan  and  willan  with  the 
infinitive. 

gif  Wealas  nellaj?  sibbe  \vi5  us,  hy  sculon  set  Seaxena  haiida 
forwurjjan,  605  E. 

and  ic  wile  wurSigeu  pis  dsei  Crist  and  See  Peter,  (^oQ  E. 
p.  30  m. 

For  other  examples,  see  the  auxiliary  verbs  loillan  and 
sculan. 

§  31.  For  the  Future  Perfect  we  find  the  Pluperfect  em- 
ployed, 

Ic  wille  and  ty8e  J)aet  while  man  swa  haued  behaten  to  faren 
to  Rome,  and  henemuge  hit  forSian  .  .  .  cume  he  to  pset 
mynstre  on  Medeshamstede,  675  E,  p.  36  m. 

§  32.   For  the  Conditional,  see  §  24. 

THE    SEQUENCE   OF    TENSES, 

§  33.  A  Present  (or  Present  Perfect,  or  Present  used  as 
Future)  in  the  Principal  clause  is  followed  in  the  Dependent 
clause  by  a  Present  or  Imperfect. 

Hit  is  litel  Jjbos  gife,  ac  ic  wille  paet  hi  hit  hselden  swa  kyne- 
lice  and  swa  freoliee,  }»aet  paer  iie  be  numen  of  na  geld  na 
gaule,  butou  to  pa  munecan  ane,  656  E,  p.  31 1.  So  p.  30  ni., 
et  al, 

same  men  cwepap  on  Englisc  pa-t  hit  sie  feaxede  steorra,  for- 
pa?m  peer  stent  lang  leoma  of,  .  ,  ,  892  A. 

§  34.  A  Preterit  in  the  Principal  clause  is  followed  by  a 
Preterit  in  the  Dependent  clause ;  the  compound  tenses  likewise 
have  the  auxiliary  verb  in  the  Preterit.  This  is  the  case  even 
when  the  action  of  the  Dependent  clause  extends  into  the  present 
or  states  a  general  truth. 


10  VEKBS  IX   THE   ANGLO-SAXON. 

and  he  wolde  drifan  to  5es  ciuinges  tune  j»y  he  nyste  hwoet 
hi  waerou,  787. 

and  he  him  aSas  swor  and  gislas  sealde,  J>et  hit  him  georo 
woere  swa  hwilce  daege  swa  lii  hit  habban  woldon,  874. 

and  saede  )>aet  he  wolde  oSer  o5Se  jiaer  libban  o3Se  )>£er  licgan, 
901  A. 

bed  him  pet  lie  scolde  him  giuen  ealle  \>a,  minstre  J)a  lia-Sene 
men  haifden  xr  tobiocou,  903  K,  p,  1151. 
So  also  :  852  A.  853  A.  87G.  878.  887.  894  A,  ad   init.  896  A. 
921  A  (3).  946  A.  948,  E.  972  E.  992  E.  994  E  (2).  999  E. 

§  35.  Under  similar  circumstances  the  Present  is  sometimes 
found  in  the  Dependent  clause. 

§  36.  For  fuller  treatment,  see  the  auxiliary  verbs,  sculan 
and  willan. 

C  — XUMliER   AND   PERSOX. 

AGREEMENT   OF    THE    PREDICATE    WITH    A   SINGLE   SUBJECT. 

§  37.  The  tinite  verb  agi-ees  with  the  subject  in  number  and 
person. 

Ic  iEdgar  geate  and  gife  todaei  toforen  Gode  . .  .  963  E,  p.  116. 
So  p.  117,  etc. 

Saxulf  la  leof,  ne  J)et  an  ptrt  (Su  geornest  oc  ealle  )»a  }>ing  j'oet 
ic  wat  pet  5u  geornest  on  ure  Drihtnes  halfe,  swa  ic  lufe  and 
tytSe,  656  E,  p.  31 1. 

and  he  feng  to  Karles  dohter  Francua  ciuing  pa  he  hamweard 
waes,  855  E. 

Her  on  pysum  gcare  for  se  micla  here,  pe  we  gefyrn  ymbe 
sprajcon  .  .  .  893  A. 

We  witan  oper  egland  her  be  easton,  per  ge  magon  eardian  gif 
ge  willaJJ,  p.  3  E. 

and  on  his  dagum  oomon  an-pst  •  iii  •  scipu  NorSmanna  of 
Her('«a  lande,  787.    Etc. 

§  38.  If  the  suliject  is  a  collective  noun  in  the  sin*rular,  the 
verb  stands  sometimes  in  the  singular,  sometimes  in  the  pluiul. 


NUMBER   AND   PERSON.  11 

§  39.  If  there  is  only  one  predicate,  the  verb  is  generally 
in  the  singular,  the  plural  is  the  exception.  This  depends  upon 
the  thought  that  is  uppermost  in  the  mind  of  the  speaker.  If 
the  idea  of  plurality  prevails,  the  verb  is  in  the  plural. 

here  and  fierd : 

Her  for  se  here  of  East  Englum  ofer  HumbremuSan,  867. 
So  also :  871.  875.  877.  881.  885  A  (2).  887.  891  A.  894  A, 
p.  86  t.;  p.  80  m. ;  p.  87  t.  895  K.  896  A  (2).  897  A.  921  A,  p. 
103  t.  992  E.  999  E. 

The  following  example  is  worthy  of  notice  : 

and  hi  })anon  ferdon  and  iorohto)i  j'set  maeste  yfel  pe  tefre  senig 
here  don  mihte^  994  E. 

We  find  one  example  with  a  single  plural  verb  after  here  : 

and  hi  fa  under  J^am  hi  nihtes  bestaelon  fsere  fyrde  se  gehorsade 
here  into  Exanceastre,  876. 

laf:  and  seo  lafe  vvi3  pone  here  fryS  nam,  867. 

Hieod:  and  seo  J>eod  gesohte  Ecgbriht  cining  him  to  friSe,  823. 

sumer-Uda :  and  aefter  pisum  gefeohte  com  mycel  sumerHda 
to  Readingum,  871. 

eaca :  and  him  com  micel  eaca  to,  aegj'er  ge  of  East  Enghim, 
ge  of  ISTorjjhymbrum,  894  A,  p.  87  h. 

"Seodscyjje :  and  him  cierde  to  call  se  feodscype  on  Myrcna- 
lande,  922  A. 

unfrltiflota :  and  seo  unfriSflota  waes  fses  sumeres  gewend  to 
Ricardes  rice,  1000  E. 

dcel :  ]>a,  wende  se  here  j)get  his  fultumes  se  msesta  dael  wgere 
on  peem  scipum,  911  A. 

and  him  beag  god  docl  paes  folces  to,  913  A. 

))a  pses  on  sumera  foron  micel  dsel  para  burgwara,  and  eac 
swa  opres  folces  .  .  .  896  A. 

Out  of  30  examples,  only  2  show  the  plural. 

§  40.  With  two  or  more  predicates  the  tendency  is  to 
pluralize  all  after  the  first  or  second.  But  there  are  many  (10) 
examples  of  two  singular  verbs,  and  one  of  six.     The  transition 


12  VERBS   IX   Tin:   ANGLO-SAXON. 

is  always  from  singular  to  i)lural.     Sometimes  the  subject  pro- 
noun is  expressed,  sumetimes  uoL 

Two  verbs  in  singular : 

Her  for  se  here  eft  to  Eoferwic  ceastre,  and  )>£er  saet  an  gear, 
869.  So :  875.  879.  882.  883.  884.  885  E.  921  A,  p.  1021. 
921  A,  p.  103  t. ;  p.  103  1. 

Her  for  se  here  of  Circenceastre  on  East  Engle,  and  gesaet  past 
land  and  gedaelde,  and  |>y  ilcan  geare  for  se  liere  ofer  sse  Jje  on 
Fullanhamme  saet  on  Frangland  to  Gent,  and  saet  faer  an  gear, 
880. 

Two  or  more  predicates,  all  plural  after  first  or  second : 

Her  com  micel  sciphere  on  Wiest  Wealas,  and  hi  to  anum 
gecyrdon,  and  wi5  Ecgbriht  Waest  Seaxna  cining  winnende 
waeron,  835. 

and  on  his  dsege  com  niycel  sciphere  up,  and  abraecon  Wint- 
anceastre,  800. 

So:  865  A.  865  E.  866.  808.  870.  872.  873  A.  874.  876.  877. 
878.  885  (2).  886.  887.  890.  893  A  (892  E).  894  A,  p.  84  b. ; 
p.  85;  p.  87  b  {dceOj.  p.  88  t  (laf);  p.  88 h.  897A,  p.  89  b. 
910  E.  911  A.  917  A.  918  A  (2).  920  A.  921  A,  p.  101  m  ; 
p.  101  b  ;  p.  102  h  (2)  ;  p.  102  in.  922  A.  p.  103  1.  993  E.  994  E. 
997  E.  998  E.  999  E.  1001  E. 

§  41.   A  following  dependent  clause  always  serves  to  bring 
out  the  idea  of  plurality. 

and  ]>a,  sealde  se  here  him  gislas,  and  mycele  aSas,  \>et  hi  of 
his  rice  woldon,  and  liim  eac  geheton  )»et  heora  cyng  fulwihte 
onfon  wolde,  878. 
So  :  894  A,  p.  85.  805  A.  021  A,  p.  103  ni. 

§  42.    If  the  subject  is  a  relative,  the  verb  agrees  with  the 
idea  contained  in  the  antecedent. 

Her  for  se  here  eft  west  )>e  rer  east  gelondo,  886. 

So  :  894  A,  p.  86  m.  895  A,  ad  lin.     921  A,  p.  101 1 ;  p.  103  t ; 

p.  103  ni;  p.  10:5  1.  922  A  (2). 

^Vc  tind  i>iie  exception: 

and  se  dad  )'e  I'ut  aweg  com  wurdon  on  floame  generede, 
894  A,  p.  87  b. 


NUMBER   AND   TERSON.  13 

§  43.  Sometimes  a  plm-al  verb  appears  after  a  relative 
which  refers  to  a  collective  in  the  singular. 

and  waes  se  cyng  ]>a,  jnderweardes  on  faere,  mid  psere  scire  pe 
mid  him  fierdedon,  894  A,  p.  86  t. 

§  44.  Earely  the  verb  stands  in  the  singular,  when  the  rela- 
tive (Se  refers  to  the  genitive  of  the  demonstrative  (Sara),  and  this 
depends  upon  a  singular.     This  is  a  case  of  attraction. 

He  arerde  Godes  lof  wide, 
and  Godes  lage  lufode,  and  folces  friS  bette, 
swiSost  fara  cyninga,  pe  aer  him  gewurde, 
be  manna  gemynde,  959  E,  p.  114  b. 

§  45.  The  neuter  substantival  demonstrative  ^cct  (^  Sis)  often 
points  out  a  following  predicate  substantive  ;  in  this  case  the 
verb  agi'ees  with  the  predicate. 

))is  sindon  ])a  landes  and  5a  feonnes  fe  seo  kyning  gef  into 
See  Petres  mynstre,  656  E,  p.  31 1. 

'pset  wseron  pa  erestan  scipu  Deniscra  manna  ]>e  Angel  cynnes 
land  gesohton,  787. 

We  find  the  plural  of  the  demonstrative  used  in  the  same 
way : 

fas  sindon  ]>a.  witnes  fe  faer  waeron,  656  E,  p.  31  b. 

§  46.  The  same  incongruity  occurs  with  the  neuter  substan- 
tival interrogative  hwcct : 

.  .  .  and  hi  wolde  dvifan   to   pes   cyninges    tune  py  he  nyste 
hwset  hi  wseron,  787. 

§  47.  Fela  (fcala),  with  (or  without)  following  genitive, 
takes  a  singular  or  plural  verb  indifferently. 

and  heora  feala  psev  adruncon,  794  E. 

and  ]>seT  wseron  feala  ofslaegene,  852  E.  (peer  wearj?  monig  mon 
ofslfegen,  853  A). 

fela  wearS  todrrefed  gleawra  Godes  Seowa,  975  A,  p.  120  m. 

and  l^aer  weartJ  fela  ofslegenra,  1001  A. 

§  48.   Monig  mon,  mcenig  secg,  are  followed  by  a  singular  verb. 


14  VERBS  IN  THE  ANGLO-SAXON. 

and  faer  wear)>  monig  mou  ofslaegen,  853  A. 

paer  Iseg  secg  maeiiig  gar  urn  ageted,  937  A,  p.  106  b. 

§  49.   Ma  wiili  fullowing  genitive  has  a  singular  verb. 

and  J»ara  Deuiscena  }>£er  weartJ  ma  ofslaegen,  )>eh  hie  wsel  stowe 
gewald  ahton,  905  A. 

and  )»a'r  wear8  j'ara  Denescra  micle  ma  ofslegenra,  )»eah  Se  hie 
woelstowe  geweald  ahtau,  lOUl  A. 

§  50.    Numerals  regularly  take  the  verb  in  the  singular. 

and  ))y  ilcau  geare  com  feorpe  liealf  hand  scipa  on  Temese 
muj)an,  851. 

and  faer  forwearS  •  cxx  •  scipa  set  Swanawic,  877. 

and  Engliscra  •  Ixii  •  and  j)ara  Deniseena  •  cxx  •  ))a  com 
faem  Deuiscum  scipum  ))eh  ter  tied  to,  897  A,  p.  91  m. 

)>y  ilcan  sumera  forwearS  noloes  )>onne  •  xx  •  scipa  mid 
monnum  mid  ealle,  897  A,  p.  91 1. 

§  51.  In  one  place // occurs  in  the  plural,  and  is  followed 
by  a  plural  verb. 

fife  Isegun  on  J)am  campstede  cyninges  giunge  sweordum 
aswefede.  swilce  seofene  eac  eorlas  Anlafes,  unrim  heriges, 
flotan  and  Sceotta,  937  A,  p.  108  h. 

AGREEMENT  OF  THE   PREDICATE  WITH    MORE  THAN  ONE  SUBJECT. 

§  52.  In  this  case  the  form  of  the  verb  depends  upon  the 
order  and  connection  of  the  subjects, 

§  53.  The  subjects  stand  tirst  and  the  verb  follows  in  the 
plural. 

Her  Adrianus  papa  and  Offa  cining  forSferden,  794. 

and  Ceolwulf  biscop  and  Eadbald  biscop  of  jiaii  Ian  do  aforon, 

794. 

So:  799.  812.  833.  851.  853  A.  868.  871  (2).  910  E.  922  A, 

p.  103  b. 

§  54.  The  verb  jjrecedes  the  subjects  and  agrees  with  the 
ncari'st. 


AGREEMENT  OF  THE  PREDICATE.  15 

and  Jjy  ilcan  geare  gefeaht  Ecgberht  West  Seaxna  cluing,  and 
Beornulf  Myrcena  cining  aet  Ellaudune,  823. 

Her  bsed  Burgred  Miercua  cyning  and  his  wiotan  ^pelwulf 
cyning  .  .  .  853  A. 

Her  wfes  wiS  se  cining  Burhred,  and  Ceolred  aerce  biscop  and 
Tunberht  biscop  and  .  .  .  852  E. 

and  for  Godrum,  and  Oscytel,  and  Anwend,  j)a  ))ry  ciningas 
of  Hreopedune  to  Grantanbrycge,  myd   mycclum   here,  and 
saeton  ])cer  an  gear,  875. 
So:  836.  871  (3).  903  A.  924  A.  992  E.  994  E  (2).  lOUl  A. 

§  55.  The  first  subject  may  be  between  the  auxiliary  and 
the  participle  of  a  compound  tense. 

and  jiaer  wearS  Sidrac  eorl  of  slaegen  se  ealda.  and  Sidrac  se 
geonga,  and  Osbeorn  eorl,  and  .  .  .  871,  p.  71  1. 

and  J'ser  wear))  Heahmund  biscop  ofslaegen,  and  fela  godra 
manna,  871,  p.  72  h.     So  :  905  A.  1001  A. 

§  56.  Wlien  a  single  subject  precedes,  and  an  additional 
subject  is  attached  to  the  verb  the  latter  depends  exclusively  on 
the  preceding  subject  word. 

and  Brlbtric  cining  forpferde  and  Worr  aeldormon,  800. 

Her  CuSred  cining  forSferde  on  Cantwarum.  and  Ceolburli 
abbe  and  Heardberht. 

Her  Herebryht  aldormon  wses  ofslaegen  from  hjepnum  mon- 
num,  and  monige  mid  him  on  Merscwarum,  838  A. 
So  :  894  A,  p.  87  b.  897  A,  p.  91  h. 

§  57.  A  singular  subject  with  a  mi^-phrase  takes  the  .verb 
in  the  singular  or  plural  according  to  the  order  of  subject,  verb, 
and  phrase. 

§  58.  If  both  the  subject  and  the  phrase  follow  the  verb, 
the  latter  is  generally  in  the  singular,  but  sometimes  in  the 
plural.  When  there  are  two  predicates,  the  second  is  in  the 
pluraL 

and  wis  }jone  here  fuhton  Osric  ealdorman  mid  Hamtunscire, 
and  ^Selwulf  ealdorman  mid  Barruscire,  .  .  .  860.  (The 
only  instance  of  the  plural.) 


16  VEKliS   IN    TllK   ANGLO-SAXON. 

pa  sona  aefter  ]>xm  com  Haesten  mid  •  Ixxx  •  scipa  up  on 
Temese  muSaii  ...  893  A  (892  E). 

\>a.  rad  se  cyning  mid  firde  .  .  .  901  A. 

So  :  920  A.  923  A.  924  A.  934  E.  993  A.  1001  A. 

§  59.  If  the  subject  precedes  and  the  phrase  follows  the 
verb,  the  latter  is  in  the  singular. 

Her  Ceorl  ealdorman  gefealit  wiS  hetJene  men  raid  Defene 
scire  set  Wicgeanbeorge,  851. 

Her  Eanulf  aldorman  gefeaht  mid  Sumursaetum  .  .  .  845  A. 
So:  919  A. 

§  60.  The  only  example  of  both  subject  and  phrase  preced- 
ing the  verb  leaves  us  in  doubt  as  to  the  number  of  the  verb,  the 
subject  being  already  compound  : 

Her  Earnulf  dux  mid  Sumorsaeton  and  Ealchstan  biscop  and 
Osric  dux  mid  Dorsa?ton  gefuhton  aet  Pedredan  mufan  wi5 
Denisc[n]e  here,  845  E. 


U  — THE   MOODS   OF   THE   YERB. 

IN   THE   PRINCIPAL   CLAUSE. 

§  61.  The  indicative  is  the  prevailing  mood  in  the  Principal 
clause.  In  it  stand  without  exce]>tion  sentences  which  make  an 
assertion  or  ask  a  question.     Examples  are  not  necessary. 

§  62.  The  Subjunctive  in  the  Principal  clause  expresses  a 
wish. 

Gif  hwa  pis  tobrekoj)  a!ni|>ing.  See  Petre  mid  liis  sweord  him 

adylige,  656  E,  p.  33  m. 

and  hwa  swa  liit  tobreceS,  Jni  wurSe  he  amansumed,  675  E, 
p.  37 1. 

Gif  liwa  hit  do(S,  ))es  ])apa  curs  of  Rome  and  ealre  biscope  curs 
he  habbe,  675  E,  p.  37  1. 

Ac  God   him   t,'ounne,  )>a't  his  godc  da-da  swyft'ran  wear?San, 
})0nnc  misdii'da,  959  1'^ 

§  6?t.    The  I  iiijK'iative  exj»resses  a  coininaiul  or  an  t'lilreaty. 


THE  MOODS  OF  THE  VERB.  17 

and  swa  )m  ham  cume,  do  into  jjiuan  mynstre  ))[as  ylcan] 
hadesmenn,  995  F,  p.  130  b. 

§  64  In  the  first  and  thii-d  persons  the  Subjunctive  is  used 
imperatively. 

beo  he  of  Englelande  ouSer  of  hwilc  oSer  igland  beo  he,  cume 
to  pset  mynstre  on  Medeshamstede,  and  haue  ppet  ilea  forgiue- 
nesse  of  Criste  and  S.  Peter.  .  .  .  G75  E,  p.  36  1. 

IN   DEPENDENT    CLAUSES  —  SUBSTANTIVE    CLAUSES. 
SUBJECT    CLAUSES. 

§  65.  The  Indicative  is  found  in  Subject  clauses  in  the 
following  cases : 

and  bin  geces  J)a  to  faxler  and  to  hlaforde  Scotta  cyning  and 
.  .  .  and  ealle  J)a  ]>e  on  ISTorJjhymbrum  bugea])  .  .  .  924  A. 

CuS  wees  pet  wide  geond  feola  ]?eoda  ])3et  aferan  Eadmund[es] 
ofer  ganetes  baS  cyningas  hine  wide  wurSodon  side  bugon  to 
cyninge  swa  wses  him  gecynde,  975  E,  p.  121 1. 

§  66.  Sometimes  the  subject  is  already  expressed  in  the 
Principal  clause  by  means  of  IScet  or  hit. 

]>a  tidde  hit  on  an  Wodnes  dei,  pet  wses  on  •  iiii  •  idus  lanru 
J>et  se  king  rad  in  his  derfold  .  .  .  1123,  p.  251 1. 

Ac  pset  ofer  com  Rome  pet  ofercumeS  eall  woruld  poet  is  gold 
and  seolure,  1123,  p.  252  1. 

§  67.   The  Subjunctive  is  found  in  Indirect  Discourse. 

and  he  stede  pone  cyng  pfet  hit  wa^s  togeanes  riht  poet  man 
scolde  setten  clerc  ofer  muneces,  1123,  p.  252  h. 

OBJECT    CLAUSES. 

§  68.  The  Indicative  is  used  when  the  Dependent  clause 
states  a  fact  as  real  or  conceived  as  real. 

§  69.  It  is  found  after  verbs  of  perceiving,  thinking,  saying, 
and  like  expressions. 

ongitan:  pa  onget  se  here  pa-t  hie  ne  mehton  pa  scypu 
utbrengan,  896  A. 


18  VERBS   IN   Tin:   AXGLO-SAXON. 

Nu  we  magoii  ongytan  pint  manna  wisdom,  and  smeagunga, 
and  lioore  radas  syndon  uahtlice  ongeau  Godes  ge))eaht, 
971)  E. 

ijehyran  :  J)a  on  morgen  gehyrdon  pxt  ]>es  ciniges  pegnas  I>e 
him  bajfton  waeron  paet  se  cining  olslagen  waes  .  .  .  755, 
p.  49  h. 

secgan  :  and  he  soede  J>oue  cyng  J)a?t  hit  wa^s  togeanes  riht  paet 
man  scolde  setten  clerc  ofer  muueces,  1123,  p.  252  h. 

witan :  and  he  wolde  drifan  to  8es  cininges  tuue  J)y  he  nyste 
hwjet  hi  waeion,  787. 

Jivdnn  :  and  se  cyng  haefde  funden  J)a^t  him  mon  sa^t  wiS  on 
sup  healfe  Sa^fern  miipan,  918  A. 

fand  pahidde  in  J)a  ealde  wealle  writes  J)et  Headda  abb  heafde 
aer  gewriton,  hu  Wulfhere  kyng  and  ^Elfred  liis  hroSor  hit 
heafdeu  wroht,  and  hu  .  .  .  963  E,  p.  116 1.  (Tlie  verb  is  here 
understood.) 

§  70.    It  is  also  found  after  verbs  of  affection. 

tSawctflw  .•  and  se  cyng  and  ealle  his  leode  Gode  pancode  his 
angeancumes,  and  Jjset  he  swa  geaerndod  swatSan  ealra  leofuste 
wes,  995  F,  ad  fiu. 

§  71.  The  Subjunctive  is  used  after  verbs  and  expressions 
of  perceiving,  thinking,  and  saying,  when  the  Dependent  clause 
contains  a  statement  that  is  doulttful  or  impossible,  although  it 
may  be  certain  to  the  mind  of  the  speaker, 

same  men  cwejjaj)  on  Euglisc  J)8et  hit  sie  feaxede  steorrr, 
892  A. 

and  saede  JJaet  he  wolde  oSer  o85e  JJser  libban  o?J8e  |iaer  licgau, 
901  A. 

treowsittn  :  and  ealle  wiS  trywsodon  pa-t  hi  woldon  efen 
wy[r]hton  beon  on  saj  and  on  lande,  972  E. 

gphnwidn  :  pa  sume  dapgo  rad  se  cyng  uj)  be  pa?re  fit*,  and 
gehawade  Iiwitt  mon  mehte  pa  ua  forwyrcan  .  .  .  896  A. 

be/iatan:  and  him  pa  Anlaf  behetswa  hchiteac  geln»stc.  phe 
naefre  eft  to  Angelcynne  mid  unfriSe  cumon  nolde,  994  E. 

§  72.  The  Subjunctive  is  used  after  verbs  of  believing, 
supposing. 


THE  MOODS  OF  THE  VERB.  19 

ivenan  :  J^a  wencle  se  here  }>a3t  his  fultuines  se  majsta  dcel  waere 
on  pfEin  scipuni,  and  pset  hie  niehten  faran  unbefohtene  J?aer 
pser  hie  wolden,  911  A. 

ac  hi  par  gefeordon  niaran  hearm  and  yfel  ponne  lii  aefre 
wendon,  pset  heom  aenig  burhwarn  gedon  sceolde,  994  E. 

\)encan:  and  fuhton  on  pa  burg  ealve  dseg,  and  pohton  pait  hie 
hie  sceoklen  abrecan,  921  A,  p.  101  h. 
So  :  p.  101 1 ;  p.  102  L 

§  73.  The  Subjunctive  is  always  used  after  verbs  of  willing, 
wishing,  entreating,  commanding,  permitting,  and  like  expressions. 

biddan:    Her  baed  Burgred    Miercna  cyniug  and  his  wiotan 
^pelwulf  cyning  pset  he   him   gefultumade   peet  him  Norp 
Walas  gehiersumade,  853  A. 
So  :  868.  963  E,  p.  115 1. 

beodan :  pa  he  Sa  eft  ]9onan  utfaran  wolde,  pa  het  he  beodan 
ofer  ealle  pa  fird  pcet  hie  foron  ealle  ut  setsomne,  905  A. 

gehdtan :  and  him  eac  gehetou  pet  heora  cyng  fulwihte  onfon 
wolde. 

tltSlau  (ti/^i(ui) :  Ic  tySe  paet  ealle  pa  ping  .  .  .  paet  hit  stande, 
963  E,  p.  117  h. 

{ge)rmdan :  and  on  pam  geare  man  gersedde  paet  man  geald 
serest  gafol  Deniscan  mannum,  for  pam  mycclan  brogan  pe  hi 
wrohtan  be  pam  sseriman,  991  E. 

p  gersedde  se  cyng  and  ealle  his  witan  poet  man  gegaderode  pa 
scipu  pe  abtes  wseron  to  Lundenbyrig,  992  E.     So  :  994  E. 

pa  rnedde  se  cyng  wiS  his  witan  pset  man  sceolde  mid  scipfyrde, 
and  eac  mid  laudfyrde  him  ongean  faran,  999  E. 

ge-unnan :  Ac  God  him  geuune,  paet  his  gode  daeda  swySran 
wearSan,  ponne  misdaeda,  959  E. 

willan :  and  ic  wille  ])et  pus  be  gifen  se  toll,  963  E,  p.  116  b. 
So:  p.  117t;  p.  117  h. 

§  74.  An  object  clause  sometimes,  follows  in  apposition  with 
a  preceding  noun  or  pronoun  (sometimes  imderstood)  which  is 
the  real  object. 


20  VERBS   IN    THE    ANGLO-SAXON. 

and  lie  liim  aSasswor  and  gislas  sealde,  |>et  hit  liim  georo  wa?re 
swa  hwilce  du'ge  swa  hi  hit  habban  woldon,  874.  So :  876. 
878.  918  A.  921  A,  p.  103  m.  946  A  (948  E). 

Ane  misdaeda  he  dyde  ))eah  to  swiSe,  )»aet  he  ael}>eodige  unsida 
lufode,  959  E. 

RELATIVE    CLAUSES. 

§  75.  The  Indicative  is  the  rule  especially  after  affirmative 
Principal  Clauses,  wlien  the  relative  clause  denotes  a  fact  or 
reality.  Kelative  clauses  are  introduced  by  5e ;  se,  seo,  tSwt ;  se 
tie  ;  tiwr  ;  tSonon  ;  hwcer. 

fSe :  )>{et  wieron  }»a  erestan  scipu  Deniscra  mauna  )»e  Angel 
cynues  land  gesohton,  787. 

and  )>ser  |)8et  raa?ste  wael  geslogon  on  liaeSene  here  )>e  we  sefre 
gesecgan  herdou,  851. 

.  .  .  and  ciningas  jjagnas  oft  rada  on  riden  J>e  man  na  ne  rimde. 

871. 

So:   792  E.  827.   874.  87G.  878.  883.   885.  886.   887.   891  A. 

892  A.  892  E  (893  A).  894  A,  p.  84  b  ;  p.  86  t ;  p.  86  m  ; 

p.  87  m  ;  p.  87  1 ;  p.  88  h.  895  A.  896  A.  897  A.  901  A.  904  A. 

905  A.  910  E.  912  A.  913  A.  918  A.  919  A.  920  A.  921  A. 

922  A.  924  A.  959  E.  963  E  (16).  972  E.  975  A.  975  E.  979  E. 

991  E.  992  E.  999  E.  1001  A. 

se^  seo,  tS(ef,  tSces,  fS"7n,  (Snne,  ^a  .- 

and  aerest  wajs  ^Elle  SuSseaxna  cining  se  ))us  mycel  haefde,  827. 

and  .(ESelswiS  cwaen  seo  waes  /Elf redes  swustor  cyninges,  888. 

and  py  ilcan  geare  for  se  here  of  sigeue  to  Scandlaudan,  pet 

is  betwix  Bryttum  and  Francum,  890. 

and  Godrum  se  norStM-ne  cyning  forSferde,  J>ses  fulluht  uama 
wjes  iESelstan,  890. 

and  waeron  geseowene  fyrene  dracan  on  J'am  lyfte  fleogeude. 

))am  tacnum  sona  fyligde  mycel  hunger,  793  E. 

faer  wjes  blis  micel,  on  |iam  cadgan  da^ge,  eallum   geworden, 

))onne  niSa  beam  ncmnaS  and  cigaS  l\>ntecostenes  du>g,  973  A. 

and  fordiden  ealhj  ja  niynstre  )ni  hi  to  comen,  870  E. 

So  :  789  E.    796  E.    885.   890.    897  A,  p.  91  b.    898  A.   909  A. 

910  A.   963  E,  p.  116  t ;   p.  117  b.    792  E.    894  A,  p.  88 1.    .s27. 

870  E.   S86.    894  A  ad  init.;  p.  86  1  ;  j).  88  h.    895  A.    901  A. 

905  A.  917  A.  921  A.  p.  102  h.    959  E.  963  E,  p.  115  m  and  b; 

p.  116  m  audi;    p.  117  m.    997  E.   871  E.    937  A,  p.  109  h  ; 

975  A  (2);  963  E,  p.  ll.-.l. 


THE  MOODS  OF  THE  VERB.  21 

se  Se  ;  and  be  wses  se  eahtoSa  cluing  se  ])e  Brytenwealda  waes. 
827.     So:  984 A. 

^CBv :  and  hi  hindan  ofridan  ne  mihte  ser  hi  on  J»ani  feastene 
waeron  ))ciei'  him  man  to  [ne]  mihte,  877.  So  :  789  E.  894  A. 
ad  init.  918  A.  921  A,  p.  103 1  and  m.  943  A.  963  E,  p.  115  1. 
p.  116  t. 

^onon,  hivcer :  and  frie  Scottas  comon  to  .^Ifrede  cyninge,  on 
anum  bate  butan  selcum  gerej)rum  of  Hibernia,  fonon  hi  hi 
bestrelon,  forpon  pe  hi  woldon  for  Godes  lufan  on  elpiodignesse 
beon,  hi  ne  rohtou  hwaer  (verb  omitted),  891  A. 

§  76.   The  relative  is  sometimes  omitted. 

and  hi  namon  mid  him  |)get  hi  hgefdun  to  seofon  nihtum  mete, 
891  A. 

]>a  fetsaetou  Sa  Centiscan  \>ser  beseftan  ofer  his  bebod,  and 
seofon  cereudracan  he  him  htefde  to  asend,  905  K. 

§  77.  The  Subjunctive  is  found  in  indirect  discourse,  de- 
noting an  uncertainty,  a  possibility. 

Ipa.  wende  se  here  .  .  .  faet  hie  mehten  faran  uubefohtene  faer 
paer  hie  wolden,  911  A. 

TEMPORAL   CLAUSES. 

§  78.  The  ruling  mood  in  Temporal  Clauses  is  the  Indica- 
tive. 

§  79.  The  time-clause  denotes  an  action  contemporaneous 
with  that  of  the  principal  clause.  The  conjunctions  are  :  ^onne, 
iSd,  (sonci)  swd  ;  S«  Ivwile  Se. 

§  80.  The  conjunction  ^onne  is  equivalent  to  the  Latin  cum, 
when,  and  is  found  with  the  Indicative  only. 

and  swa  on  mistlice  beamas  wses  gehiwod,  |Jonne  hit  dagian 
wolde,  ])onne  to  glad  hit,  979  C: 

and  pone  hi  to  scipon  streddon,  })onne  sceolde  fyrd  ut  eft 
ongean  Jjaet  hi  up  ■woldon,  1010  E. 

§  81.  J>a  (=  cum)  is  frequently  used,  always  with  the  In- 
dicative. 

and  he  feng  to  Karles  dohter  Francna  cining  J)a  he  hamweard 
wees,  855  E. 


22  VERBS  IN   THE   ANGLO-SAXON. 

and  J?a  men  ofblogen,  j)a  hi  j)a  Lannveard  wteron  mid  I>iere 
herehufte,  885. 

So  :  894  A,  p.  84  b.  p.  85.  p.  HG  t.  p.  8(5  h.  p.  87  t  (3),  p._87  1. 
p.  88  t.  895  A  (2).  890  A.  897  A.  9U5  A.  911  A.  9L'l  A,  p. 
103 1.  973  A.  993  E.  999  E. 

§  82.  Swit  (^sona  sw'(2),  when,  as,  is  followed  by  the  In- 
dicative. 

and  J)a  swiSe  rape  a?fter  pttiu,  swa  pa  opie  ham  comon,  pa 
fundon  hie  opre  tiocrade,  917  A. 

py  ilcan  geare  saende  ^Elfred  cyng  sciphere  of  Csent  on  East 
Engle,  sona  swa  lii  comon  on  Sture  nuiSan  pa  geraaetton  hi 
•  xvi  •  scipa  wicinga,  885. 
So  :  999  E.  894  A,  p.  80  b.  998  E.  1001  E. 

§  83.    '6a  h  wile  iSe,  wliile,  takes  the  Indicative. 

pa  paes  on  heerfaeste  pa  wicode  se  cyng  on  neaweste  pare  byrig, 
pa  hwile  pe  hie  hira  corn  gerypon,  paet  pa  Deniscan  him,  ne 
mehton  pii-s  ripes  forwiernan,  890  A.  So  :  913  A.  921  A,  p. 
102  b.  923  A.  903  E,  p.  117  b.  975  E. 

§  84.  <Sa  hunle  iSc  .  .  .  lenyest,  so  long  as,  occurs  twice,  and  is 
followed  by  the  Indicative. 

pa  bescet  sio  fierd  hie  paer  utan  pa  liwile  pe  hie  par  lengest 
mete  hjefden.     894  A,  p.  85.     So  :  959  E. 

§  85.  The  dependent  clause  denotes  an  action  which  pre- 
cedes that  of  the  principal  clause,  the  latter  sometimes  following 
immediately.  The  Indicative  is  tlie  only  mood.  The  conjunc- 
tions are  hces  tic,  after,  and  sitiiidn  (.s/z&'ff'Ot),  since,  after  that. 

iScBs  tie : 

and  ymb  •  ii  •  gear  pies  pe   he  on  Franeum  com  he  gefor. 

855  A.      So  :    874,  894  A,,  ad  init. ;    p.  88  m.    895  A.    89<;  A. 

941  A. 

si^iSfin  (si/tifSnn)  : 

sippan  oastan  liider  Engle  and  Soaxc  njiboooman  ofer  brad- 

brimu  lirytene  .sohtan  wlanco  wigsimftas  Wceallos  ofercoman 

eorlas  arhwate,  card  begeatan,  937  A,  p.  110  t. 

on  pes  oScr  gear  .syppon  he  waps  gchalgod,  pa  makode  he  feola 
mijistra,  903  E,  p.  115  m.     So:  079  Iv 


THE   MOODS   OF   THE  VERB.  23 

§  86.  The  action  of  the  dependent  clause  follows  that  of  the 
principal  clause.  The  dependent  clause  is  introduced  by  «r, 
before. 

§  87.  The  Indicative  is  the  mood  when  the  action  of  the 
dependent  clause  is  certain,  not  possible  or  doubtful. 

and  hi  hindau  ofridan  ne  mihte  aer  hi  on  pam  feastene  waeron 
piBr  him  mau  to  [ne]  niilite,  877. 

and  pa  men  wee  von  inyckun  ofslagene  and  forwundode  ser  hi 
on  hand  eodan,  882. 

and  J)a  Deniscan  haefdon  hira  wif  befsest  innan  East  Engle 
aer  hie  ut  of  psem  geweorce  foron,  896  A.  So :  887.  891  A. 
894  A,  p.  88  h. 

§  88.  Wlien  the  action  of  the  dependent  clause  is  unex- 
pected, possible,  or  future,  the  verb  is  in  the  Subjunctive. 

and  Byrhtrie  Waest  Ssexna  cining  aflymde  •  iii  •  gear  of 
Angelcyunes  lande  on  Franc  land  ter  he  cining  waere,  836. 

and  het  atimbran  }>a  burg  on  sup  healfe  paere  eas  ser  he  ponan 
fore,  919  A.     So  :  894  A,  p.  84  b.  897  A.  918  A.  920  A. 

§  89.  The  dependent  clause  denotes  an  action,  up  to  which 
the  action  of  the  principal  clause  extends.  The  con j mictions 
are  :  oS,  o33c,  o'Q^cet,  'Sect. 

§  90.  The  Indicative  is  the  mood  when  the  action  of  the 
dependent  clause  is  represented  as  certain.  No  examples  with 
the  Subjunctive  are  found  in  the  Chronicle. 

and  hi  peah  pa  ceastre  aweredau  oSSet  .Alfred  cyng  com  uton 
mid  fyrde,  885. 

.  .  .  hie  hergodon  ofer  Mercnaland  oS  hie  comon  to  Crecca- 
gelade,  905  A. 

pa  foron  forS  oppe  hie  comon  to  Lundenbyrg,  894  A,  p.  86  m. 

and  pa  sseton  hie  ute  on  pam  iglande  apt  Bradan  Relice,  op  pone 
first  pe  hie  wurdon  swipe  metclease,  918  A. 

and  foron  anstreces  dfpges  and  nihtes,  p»t  hie  gedydon  on 
anre  westre  ceastre  on  Wirhealum,  seo  is  Lega  ceaster  gehatcn, 
894  A,  p.  88  t.  So  :    894  A,  p. 87  ni.  997  E.  1001 A  (with  oti^a-t). 


24  VERBS   IX   TIIK   ANGLO-SAXON. 

921  A  (4).  937  A.  942  A.  1001  A  (2)  (with  o»). 

918  A  (with  obUe). 

896  A  (2).  901  A.  918  A.  921  A,  p.  101  1.  975  A,  p.  120  b. 

1001  A  (with  IScef). 

CAUSAL  CLAUSES. 

§  91.  These  are  introduced  by  {1Sij,for^an  ^(rt,fortia{e)7n(tSe), 
fort5o}i{tie),  fo7't5i  tSet,foriii/  8e,  mid  tScem  ^cct.  The  Judicative  is 
always  used  when  a  real  reason  is  to  be  given. 

and  hi  cwaGSou  ))aBt  hi  hira  )»et  to  haiida  heahlan  scoldan, 
forSaii  |)et  heora  nau  nres  of  faedren  halfe  geboren  butan  him 
anum,  887. 

and  hie  wohle  drifan  to  )'{es  cyninges  tune  |>y  he  nyste  hwaet 
hie  waeroii,  787. 

ac  wala  fast  hi  to  hraSe  bugon  and  flugon,  for))am  })e  hi  nsef  Jon 
fultum  )>e  hi  habban  sceoldan,  999  E. 

same  men  cwe])a))  on  Englisc  ]>xt  liit  sie  feaxede  steorra,  for- 
|)gem  )>aer  stent  lang  leoma  of,  892  A. 

bed  him  \>Qt  he  scolde  him  giuen  ealle  ))a  miustre  )»a  hteSene 
men  hrefden  aer  tobrocon,  forSi  ))et  he  hit  wolde  geeadnewion, 
9G3  E,  p.  115  L 

fset  wses  forSy  )je  hie  waeron  benumene  aegSer  ge  ))8es  ceapes, 
ge  paes  corues,  Se  hie  gehergod  haefdon,  895  A. 

Ac  hie  wffiron  micle  swij)or  gebrocede  on  ]\nem  ))rim  gearura 
mid  ceapes  cwikle  and  monua,  ealles  swi))ost  mid  paem  |)»t 
manige  )>ara  selestena  cynges  )>ena  ))e  paer  on  londe  waerou  forS- 
ferdon  on  ))aem  |)rim  gearum,  897  A,  p.  90  t. 
So  :  Sy  .•  823.  830  A.  Jor1i„n  iSat :  9G3  E,  ji.  115  m.  for^am 
»e.-  959 E.  1001  A.  1001  E.  for^onlSe:  891  A.  901  A.  forlion: 
918  A.  for^cem  :  894  A,  p.  80  t.  895  A.  for^em  Se  .•  894  A, 
p.  86  b.    for^ij  «e  .•  897  A. 

CONDITIONAL   CLAUSES. 

§  02.  The  Indicative  is  the  mood,  if  the  condition  is  repre- 
sented as  certain  and  real,  or  if  the  relation  of  cause  and  result 
is  to  be  expressed  without  reference  to  the  certainty  of  it. 


THE   ]\IOODS   OF   THE  VERB.  25 

We  witan  ofer  egland  her  be  easton,  ))er  ge  magon  eardian  gif 
ge  vvillaS,  and  gif  hwa  eow  wiS  stent,  we  eow  fultumiaS,  fset 
ge  hit  magon  gegangan,  p.  3  E. 

Gif  hwa  hit  doS,  fes  papa  curs  of  Rome  and  eahe  biscope  curs 
he  habbe,  and  here  ealre  \>e  her  be  gewitnesse,  675  E,  p.  37  1. 

§  93.  The  Subjunctive  is  used  when  the  condition  is  rei)re- 
sented  as  merely  conceived,  supposed,  or  possilile  —  Ideal. 

]ia  gegaderade  ^Elfred  cyning  his  fierd,  and  for  pset  he  gewicode 
betwuh  ))?em  twam  hergum,  J)a?r  ))a?r  he  niehst  rymet  hoefde 
for  wudu  faesteune,  ond  for  wseterfaestenne,  swa  faet  he  mehte 
segjierne  geraecan  gif  hie  senigne  feld  seca'n  wolden,  894  A, 
p.  84 1. 

and  sceoldan  ('they  were  to')  cunnian  gif  hi  muhton  ])one 
here  ahweer  utene  betrseppen,  992  E. 

Her  on  j)is  tima  leot  Ceolred  abb  of  Medeshamstede  and  j)a 
munecas  Wulfrede  to  hande  ))et  land  of  Sempigaham,  to  ))3et 
forewearde  ]>set  sefter  his  dcei  scolde  j'set  land  into  J'e  minstre, 
852  E. 

Her  Eadmund  cyning  oferhergode  eal  Cumbra  land,  and  hit 
let  to  eal  Malculme  scotta  cyninge,  on  jiaet  gerad  pvet  he  wtere 
his  midwyrlita  8egJ>er  ge  on  sae  ge  on  lande,  945  A. 

J)a  geraedde  se  cyng  and  his  witan  pcet  him  man  to  sende  and 
him  gafol  behete  and  metsunge  wi3  pon  pe  hi  peeve  hergunge 
geswicon,  994  E. 

§  94.  The  Subjunctive  is  the  mood  also  when  the  condi- 
tional clause  contains  a  limitation  of  the  statement  through  an 
exception. 

J)a  gife  ic  him  Godes  curs  and  ealra  halgan  and  eallre  hadede 
heafde  and  min,  buton  he  cume  to  dajdbote,  963  E,  p.  117  h. 
So  :  p.  117  m. 

CONCESSIVE    CLAUSES. 

§  95.  The  Indicative  is  used  in  Concessive  clauses,  when 
the  concession  is  real,  not  supposed. 

and  pa3r  wearS  Sigulf  ealdormon  ofslregen,  and  .  .  .,  and 
monige  eac  him,  peh  ic  (Sa  geSangnestan  nemde,  905  A.  So  : 
897  A,  p.  90 1. 


26  VERBS   IX   THE   ANGLO-SAXON. 

aiul  J>ara  Denisceiia  J)a'r  wearS  ma  ofslaegen,  peh  hie  waelstowe 
gewald  ahtou,  905  A.     So  :  1001  A. 

§  9().   The  Subjunctive  is  used  similarly. 

and  peah  fe  ic  hit  la'iig  yhle,  eall  \>et  J)e  Gode  waes  la5  and 
rihttuUan  mannan,  eall  |)cet  wa;s  gewuuelic  on  pisan  laude  on 
his  tynian,  1100,  p.  235  b. 

§  97.  The  Subjunctive  is  the  rule  when  a  merely  supposed 
concession  is  to  be  expressed. 

We  find  no  examples  of  this  use. 

CONSECUTIVE   CLAUSES. 

§  98.  Dependent  clauses  of  Result  stand  in  the  Indicative, 
if  they  state  an  actual  result. 

and  hi  late  on  geave  to  pani  gecyrdon  Jja^t  hi  wicS  J)one  here 
winnende  w£pron,  867. 

Her  for  se  myccla  here  pe  we  gefyrn  aer  ymbspraecon  eft  of 
]>am  east  rice  weastward  to  Bunan,  and  J)ier  wurdon  gescipode 
swa  JJ3et  hi  asa-ttou  hi  on  a^nne  si3  ofer  mid  horsum  mid  ealle, 
892  E  (893  A). 

waes  pier  swa  lange  pa^t  man  sette  him  to  biscop  on  Wintan 
ceastre,  9G3  E,  p.  117  1. 

So  :  894  A,  ad  init.  (2).  894  A,  p.  86  t.  897  A,  p.  91 1.  and  m. 
905  A.  918  A.  037  A.  950  E.  963  E,  p.  117  1.  1001  A  (2). 

§  99.  In  some  cases  tlie  consecutive  meaning  of  the  jironoun 
developed  into  a  purely  temporal  meaning  (=  until).  For  ex- 
amples, see  §  90. 

§  100.  If  the  result  is  merely  conceived  and  uncertain,  the 
Subjunctive  is  used.  Tliis  is  the  case  after  so-called  "  rhetorical 
questions,"  after  negative  sentences,  and  after  imperatives.  Our 
investigation  shows  no  examples  in  the  Chronicle. 

FINAL   CLAUSES. 

§  101.  Dependent  clauses  of  Purpose  .stand  in  tlu'  Subjunc- 
tive.    Till'  conjunctions  arc  fiaf  and  sira  f{(/7. 


THE  MOODS  OF  THE  VERB.  27 

Her  baed  Burgred  Miercna  cyning  aud  his  wiotan  JEpelwuU 
cyning  'pxt  he  him  gefultumade  psct  him  nor]?  Walas  gehier- 
sumade,  853  A.     So  :  896  A  (2).  897  A. 

and  for  paet  he  gewicode  betwuh  psem  twani  hergum,  Jjser  pmv 
he  niehst  rymet  hsefde  for  wudufsestenne,  ond  for  wseter  ftes- 
tenne,  swa  pxt  he  mehte  aegperne  gersecan  gif  hie  senigne  feld 
secan  wolden,  894  A,  ad  init.     So  :  963  E,  p.  1 16  m  (2). 

MODAL   CLAUSES. 

§  102.  The  prevailing  mood  in  these  clauses  is  the  Indica- 
tive. 

§  103.  The  dependent  clause  expresses  the  relation  of  re- 
semblance, similarity,  to  the  principal  clause.  It  is  introduced 
by  sivd,  sometimes  with,  sometimes  without  a  correlative  (swd 
.  .  .  swd)  in  the  principal  clause. 

and  eft  wses  papa  swa  he  ser  wees,  797. 

pa  se  cyning  hine  pa  west  wende  mid  paere  fierde  wit5  Exan- 
cestres,  swa  ic  ser  ssede,  and  se  here  pa  burg  beseten  hsefde, 
894  A,  p.  87 1. 

naeron  nawSer  ne  on  Fresisc  gescaepene  ne  on  Denisc,  bute  swa 
him  selfum  Suhte  paet  hie  nytwyrSoste  beon  meahten,  897  A, 
p.  90  m. 

and  on  prem  ilcan  gere  raon  fsestnode  pond  friS  set  Yttinga 
forda,  swa  swa  Eadweard  cyng  gersedde,  segSer  wi5  East 
Engle  ge  wiS  norShymbre,  906  A. 

and  swa  swa  paet  wseter  reonneS  to  Crulande,  and  fra  Crulande 
to  Must,  963  E,  p.  117 1. 

and  paer  hira  ferdon  onbuton  swa  swa  hi  sylf  woldon,  1001  E. 
So  :   905  A.  921  A,  p.  103  1.    937  A.    942  A.    959  E.   973  A. 
975  E.  994  E. 

and  hi  him  par  foregislas  sealdon  swa  feala  swa  he  habban 
wolde,  877. 

and  East  Engle  hsefdon  .^Ifrede  cyninge  apas  geseald,  .  .  . 
and  pell  ofer  pa  treowa,  swa  oft  swa  pa  opre  hergas  mid  ealle 
herige  utforon.     894  A,  ad  init. 
So:  994  E.  997  E.  999  E.  1001  E. 


28  VERBS   IN   THE    ANGLO-SAXON. 

§  104.  The  dependent  clauses  with  Sees  tie,  although  referring 
to  the  same  principle,  more  frequently  serve  to  limit  a  statement 
or  to  add  an  explanatory'  remark  (see  Matzuer,  III.  j».  517). 


K  — THE  INFINITIVE. 

§  105.  The  Simple  Infinitive  is  found  after  the  auxiliary 
verbs  cunnan,  durran,  latan,  magan,  motan,  sculan,  tSurfan, 
willan  and  witan. 

Examples  will  be  found  under  the  treatment  of  the  Auxiliary 
Verbs. 

§  106.  The  Infinitive  is  sometimes  omitted  after  an  auxiliary 
verb. 

and  J>a  sealde  se  here  him  gislas,  and  mycele  aSas,  pet  hi  of 
his  rice  woldon,  and  him  eac  geheton  ]?et  heora  cyng  fulwihte 
onfon  wolde,  878. 

to  JJaet  forewearde  paet  sefter  his  daei  scolde  paet  land  into  pe 
minstre,  852  E. 

§  107.  After  a  numl)er  of  Transitive  verbs  the  Infinitive  is 
used,  sometimes  alone,  but  more  frequently  witli  an  (•])ject  of  its 
own. 

aginnan :  Marcus  se  godspellere  in  Egipta  agin]?  writau  poet 
godspell,  47  F. 

onginnan:  Her  ongan  Ceolwulf  rixiau  on  \yeast  Seaxum, 
597  E. 

hdtun :  Iler  offa  Myrcena  cining  het  /ESelbrihte  pa-t  heafod 
ofslean,  792.  So  :  807  A  (3).  901  A.  905  A.  913  A.  919  A. 
921  A  (2).  922  A.  923  A.  924  A.  909  E.  975  E.  992  E.  993  E. 

liyran  :  and  J'ar  p;et  inu'ste  wal  geslogon  on  hajSene  here  J>e 
we  aefre  gesecgan  herdon,  851. 

§  108.  Besides  the  Infinitive  the  jn-edicaio  verb  may  have 
another  ()])ject,  which  is  the  subject  (tf  the  action  cxjHesscd  by 
the  Infinitive.  The  Infinitive  may  also  have  another  object  of 
its  own.  The  Accusative  and  the  Inliiiitivc  depend  u]>on  tlie 
verb,  the  former  as  pcrstuuil,  the  Iiidi-i-  as  impersonal  object. 


THE  INFINITIVE.  29 

hdtan :  and  het  opve  fierd  eac  of  Miercna  ]>eode  J?a  hwile  pe 
he  JJser  sset  gefaran  Mame  ceaster  on  norp  hymbrum,  and  hie 
gebetan  and  gemannian,  923  A. 

§  109.  The  pure  Infinitive  is  found  after  Intransitive  verbs, 
especially  after  verbs  of  motion. 

§  110.  This  Infinitive  may  denote  the  manner  or  method  of 
motion,  or  an  accompanying  action.  In  the  latter  case  it  ap- 
proaches the  use  of  a  participle. 

.  .  .  smicere  on  gearvvum,  wudum  and  wyrtum  cymeS  vvlitig 
scriSan,  prymlice  on  tun  J»earfe  briugeS.     M.  77,  p.  276  t, 

§  111.    Or  it  may  give  the  aim  of  the  motion. 

Gewitan  him  pa  norpmen-  naegled  cnearrum,  dreorig  daraSa  laf- 
on  dinges  mere-  ofer  deop  wseter.  Difelin  secan-  and  eft  hira 
land-  sewisc  mode,  937  A,  p.  109  m. 

§  112.  The  Infinitive  with  to  is  used  depending  upon 
Adjectives  which  denote  readiness,  ease,  difficulty,  and  the  like. 

nis  eaSe  to  asecgenne  pises  landes  earmSa  pe  hit  to  pysan 
timau  dreogende  wses,  1104  E. 

§  113.  It  is  also  found  with  Substantives  and  Verbs  in 
various  relations. 

and  py  ilcan  geare  hi  sealdon  Ceolwulfe  anum  unwisum  cyuges 
pegne  Myrcena  rice  to  healdenne,  874.     So  :  886. 

and  se  cyng  pa  bettehte  pa  fyrde  to  hiedene  Ealfrice  ealdor- 
man,  992  E. 

.  .  ,  and  gif  he  leng  moste  linen,  alse  he  mint  to  don  of  pe  bor- 
der wy  can,  1137  E,  p.  265  1. 

and  saette  peer  munecas  Gode  to  pewian  (purpose),  963  E,  p. 
115  b.     Sop.  117  m. 

pa  forsoc  he,  and  ssede  poet  he  hit  nahte  to  donne,  107U  A, 
p.  206  t. 


30  VERBS  IX  THE  ANGLO-SAXON. 


F.  —  THE   PAETICIPLES. 

PRESENT   PARTICIPLE. 

§  114.  The  Present  Participle  is  used  as  an  adjective  both 
attributively  and  predicatively,  as  a  Substantive,  and  as  a  Par- 
ticiple proper. 

§  115.  It  stands  attributively  with  a  Substantive,  and  has 
the  strong  inflection  without  the  article. 

Jjaet  w£eron  ormete  ligraescas,  aud  woeron  geseowene  fyrene 
dracau  on  )>ani  lyfte  fleogende,  793  E. 

and  utla?ndisce  hider  in  tihte,  and  deoriende  leoda  bespeon  to 
jjysan  earde,  959  E. 

]?8et  waes  gnornung  micel  J^am  pe  on  breostum  waeg  byrnende 
lufan  Metodes  on  mode,  975  A. 

§  116.  It  is  also  sometimes  found  with  the  article  aud  con- 
sequently the  weak  inflection. 

Her  forSferde  se  wellwillenda  bisceop  AtJelwold,  and  seo 
halgung  ))fes  gefterfilgendan  biseeopes  iElfheages,  984  A. 

§  117.  The  Present  Participle  is  used  predicativel}-  in  con- 
nection with  the  verbs  icesaii  and  iceortSan.  For  examples,  see 
§§2,  .3,  aud  4. 

§  118.   It  is  also  used  predicatively  with  Intransitive  verbs. 

Gif  twa  men  oper  •  iii  •  coman  ridend  to  an  tun,  al  )>e  tunseipe 
flugaen  for  heom,  wenden  <S  hi  waeron  rteueres,  1137  E,  p.  265  h. 

§  11 9.  The  Present  Participle  is  used  substantively  to  de- 
note persons.  Tlie  Partici])le  in  this  case  has  lost  its  original 
character  and  become  a  noun. 

Her  Eadgar  wars,  Engla  waldend,  corSre  micelre,  to  cyninge 
gehalgod  on  Saere  ealdan  byrig,  Acemannes  oeastre,  eac  hi 
igbuend  oSre  worde  beonias  liaSan  nt'nnia)),  973  A. 

PERFECT    I'AHTICIPLK. 

§  120.  The  Perfect  Participle  is  used  as  attribute,  as  predi- 
cate in  connection  with  verbs  of '  lioiufj '  and  '  bocominu;,'  as  well 


THE   PARTICIPLES.  31 

as  with  intransitive  verbs,  as  substantive,  and  as  participle  proper 
instead  of  dependent  clauses. 

§  121.  The  Perfect  Participle  is  used  attributively  without 
the  article,  and  with  strong  inflection. 

and  ]>y  ilcan  gears  Ceolwulf  Myrcena  cining  oferhergode  Cant- 
ware  and  Merscware,  and  gefengon  Prsen  heora  cining,  and 
gebundenne  liine  Iseddon  on  Myrce,  796. 

fa  se  cyng  fset  hierde,  pa  wende  he  Line  west  wi3  Exan- 
ceastres  mid  ealre  paere  fierde,  buton  swife  gewaldenum  daele 
easte  weardes  })8es  folces,  894  A,  p.  86  h. 

fand  ])a  hidde  in  pa  ealde  wealle  writes  pet  Headda  al515  heafde 
ser  gewriton,  963  E,  p.  115  b. 
So:  937  A  (5).  975  A.  992  E. 

§  122.  This  participle  is  also  found  attributively  with  the 
article,  and  in  this  case  with  weak  inflection. 

and  hie  pa  under  pam  hie  mihtes  bestselon  paere  fierde  se  gehor- 
soda  here  into  Escan  ceaster,  876. 

and  se  cing  Alfred  aefter  pam  gehorsedum  here  mid  fyrde  rad 
ot5  Exanceastre,  877. 

Her  todselde  se  forsprecena  here  on  twa,  885.     So  :  896  A. 

§  123.  The  Perfect  Participle  is  used  predicatively  with  the 
verbs  wesan  (heoTi),  iveor^an,  and  hahban,  in  the  formation  of  the 
passive  and  of  the  compound  tenses.  With  the  verbs  of  '  being,' 
'becoming,'  it  agrees  with  the  noun  or  pronoun  belonging  to  it. 
For  examples,  see  §§  7,  8,  9,  10,  11,  13,  14,  26,  27,  28,  29,  31. 

§  124.  The  Perfect  Participle  is  used  predicatively  with 
some  Intransitive  verbs. 

pa  wende  se  here  paet  bis  fultumes  se  maesta  dael  waere  on  paem 
scipum,  and  paet  hie  mehten  faran  unbefohtene  paer  peer  hie 
wolden,  911  A. 

§  125.  The  Participle  is  often  attracted  into  the  genitive 
after  numerals  and  adverbs  of  quantity. 

and  pa  hergas  begen  geflyrade  [waeron],  and  feala  pusenda 
ofslagenra,  871. 


32  VERBS   IX   THE   ANGLO-SAXON. 

I 
and  ]>xv  wearS  }>ara  Denescra  luicle  ma  ofslegeura,  1001  A. 

and  \>xr  wearS  fela  ofslegenra,  1001  A.  i 

§  126.    In  the  cuinpouud  tenses   of   transitive   veil»s  it    is 
sometimes  attracted  into  the  case  of  the  object. 

and  liie  alle  on  j'oue  Cyuiug  waerun  feohtende  o|>  |)aet  hie  bine  j 

ofslcTegenne  haefdon,  755  A.      E  has  otS  tiet  hiij  li'ine  ofslceyen 

hcefdon.  j 

Her  Ecgbriht  cining  forSferde,  and  hine  tor  haefde  Ofla  Myr- 
ceua  cining,  and  Byrhtric  Wtest  Saexna  cining  aiiymde  •  iii  • 
gear  of  Angel  cynnes  lande  on  Franc  land  aer  he  cining  waere, 
836  E.     A  has  afllemed.  ' 

§  127.   The  Perfect  Participle  is  used  substantively  to  denote 

persons.  ; 

and  manige  eac  him  peh  ic  Sa  geSungnestan  nemde,  896  A,  ! 

p.  90  h.     So  :  905  A.  ; 

§  128.   The  Perfect  Participle  is  used  as  a  pure  participle,  ; 

taking  the  place  of  a   dependent  clause,  and   denotes  various 
relations. 

and  ))a  sona  eft  Gode  gefultumiendum   (Dat.  Abs.)  he  niihte 
geseon  and  sprecan,  797.  ; 

and  Osrod  pe  wses  Norj'anhyrabra  cining  refter  wrsecsifte  ham 
cumenum  geheht  waes,  792  E. 

THE    VERBAL    SUBSTANTIVE.  ', 

§  129.    In  the  Chronicle   we  find  several  verbal   substan-  ! 

tives,  —  formed  from  verb  stems  with  suffix  -ung.     Examples  are :  ' 

hergung,  793  E,  dagung,  795  E,  passim.  j 


G.  — THE    AUXILIARY   YETIBS. 

WESAN  (nftoN),  weohSax  (okweorSan),  iiahban. 

§  130.  Examjtk^s  showing  the  auxiliary  use  of  ?rfsrtn,  5?on, 
hnhhan,  and  ivcorMn  {gewcortidn),  can  be  foiuul  under  the  treat- 
ment of  the  Passive  ami  of  the  Tenses, 


THE   AUXILIARY   VERBS.  33 

§  131.   As  a  uotioual  verb  ivcor^an  is  found  with  several 
meauings  :  to  become,  happen,  enter. 

and  hi  sume  inue  wurdou  (entered),  867. 

rtiacedou  hit  pa  pget  aer  vvses  ful  rice,  pa  hit  wearS  to  nan  bin? 
870  E. 

Her  Eadmuud  cing  S.  Duustane  Glaestingeberig  betsehte  Sser 
he  sySSan  serest  abbud  wearS,  943  A. 

Ac  God  him  geumie,  ])a3t  his  gode  dseda  swySran  wearSan, 
|)onne  misdseda,  959  E. 

paer  wses  blis  micel,  on  pam  eadgan  daege  ealhnn  geworden. 
j)onne  uiSa  beam  nemnaS  and  cigaS  Pentecostenes  daeg,  973  A. 

])is  geworden  wees  and  pa  on  Sam  xxx  wses  Seoden  gehalgod, 
973  A. 

Ne  wearS  wsel  mare  on  pis  eiglande  aefer  gieta  folces  gefylled, 
beforan  pissum  sweordes  ecgum,  937  A,  p.  109  b. 

§  132.   Hcibhan  as  a  notional  verb  means,  to  have,  possess, 
tahe  possession  of,  to  cause  to  he, 

and  merest  waes  ^lle  SuSseaxna  cining  se  pus  mycel  haefde, 
827.     So:  867. 

and  pone  cining  Burgred  ofer  sae  adrefdou  ymb  •  xxii  •  win- 
tra  pses  J>e  he  rice  hsefde. 

and  ^Selwald  saet  binnan  psem  ham  mid  poem  monnum  pe 
him  togebugon,  and  hsefde  ealle  pa  geatu  forworht  into  him, 
and  ssede  Jjset  he  wolde  oSer  oSSe  pter  libban  oSSe  ])ter  licgau, 
901  A. 

Don, 

§  133.    The  use  of  don  as  an  auxiliary  verb  is  seldom  found 
in  the  Chronicle,  and  only  to  avoid  the  repetition  of  the  verb. 

He  pa  swa  dyde,  and  mid  fierde  for  ofer  Mierce  on  Korp 
Walas,  and  hie  him  alle  gehiersume  dydon,  853  A. 

CUNNAN. 

§  134.    As  an  auxiliary  verb  cunnan  generally  denotes  an 

intellectual  ability. 

3 


34  VERBS   IN   THE   ANGLO-SAXON. 

and  forbcerndon  Tegntun,  and  eac  fela  o8ra  godra  hama  "pe 
we  genemnan  ne  cunnan,  1001  A  (2). 

DUKRAN, 

§  135.    The  only  meaning  of  this  verb  iu  the  Chrouicle  is, 
to  dare. 

and  se  cyng  hsefde  funden  J)aet  him  mon  ScTt  wip  on  su)>  healfe 
8{vfei'nmuJ)an,  westan  from  Weahim,  east  oj)  Afeneniupan, 
pii't   hie   ne   dorston  J)«t  land  nawer  gesecan  on  pa  healte, 

918  A. 

MAGAN. 

§  136.   As  an  auxiliary,  magan  expresses  both  physical  and 
intellectual  possibility,  meaning  to  he  able,  to  he  in  condition. 

and  pa  sona  eft  Gode  gefultumiendum  he  mihte  geseon  and 
sprecan,  797. 

Nu  we  magon  ongytau  pset  manna  wisdom,  and  sraeagunga, 
and  heore  raedas  syndon  nahtlice  ongean  Godes  gepeaht,  979  E. 
So  :  877.  894  A,  p.  86  t,  p.  88  h.  896  A.  897  A,  p.  91  m. 
905  A.  (2).  918  A.  994  E.  1000  E.  1001  A  (2). 

§  137.   The  meanmg  is  often  that  of  a  simple  subjunctive, 
especially  in  final  dependent  clauses. 

pa  gegaderade  Alfred  cyning  his  fierd,  and  for  pKt  he  gewi- 
code  betwuh  pjcm  twam  hergum,  pser  paer  he  niehst  rymet 
hrefde  for  wudii  faestenne,  ond  for  wreterfjestenne,  swa  piet  he 
mehte  jegperne  geraecan  gif  hie  aMiigne  feld  secan  wolden, 
894  A,  p.  84  1.     So  :  896  A.  897  A. 

pUKFAX. 
§  138.    This  verb  means  :  to  want,  hare  need  of. 
hreman  ne  porfte  maecan  gemanan,  937  A,  p.  108  b. 
hlehhan  ne  porftuu,  937  A,  p.  109  h. 


THE   AUXILIARY  VERBS.  35 

WILLAN. 

§  139.   This  verb  expresses  the  will  or  desire  in  various  ways. 

aud  pa  se  gerefa  fan-to  rad,  and  he  wolde  drifan  to  pxs 
cininges  tune  J)y  he  nyste  hw£et  hi  wieron,  787.  Here  ivolde 
=  '  attempted.' 

and  he  him  aSas   swor  and  gislas  seakle  J>et  .   .  .  he  geare 
wsere  mid  him  sylfum,  and  mid  eallum  pam  pe  him  gela?stan 
wolden  to  'pses  heres  pterfe,  874.      Wolden  =  '  were  willing.' 
So  :  877.  891  A.  894  A,  p.  85.  920  A.  921  A,  p.  102.   94G  A. 
948  E.  959  E.  963  E,  p.  115  m.  and  1.  979  E  (2).  994  E. 

pa  sefter  pam  for  se  here  eall  up,  and  wolde  faran  pa  giet  on 
hergap  wiS  Ircinga  feldes,  918  A.  Wolde  here  has  the  mean- 
ing of  '  planned,'  '  purposed.' 

§  140.  It  sometimes  expresses  almost  pure  futurity,  and  is 
used  with  infinitives  like  the  modern  conditional  as  a  substitute 
for  the  preterit  subjunctive.     See  §  144. 

and  ealle  wiS  trywsodon  paet  hi  woldon  efenwyrhton  beon  on 
S£E  and  on  lande,  972  E. 

and  eal  se  here  on  East  Englum  him  swor  annesse,  p?et  hie 
eal  pcet  woldon  pset  he  wolde,  and  eall  past  fripian  woldon  paet 
se  cyng  fripian  wolde,  921  A,  p.  103  m. 

and  him  pa  Anlaf  behet  swa  he  hit  eac  gelseste,  "P  he  ntefre 
eft  to  Angel  cynne  mid  unfriSe  cumon  nolde,  994  E. 

§  141.  For  willan  expressing  futurity  with  a  suggestion  of 
determination,  see  §§19  and  30. 

§  142.  As  a  notional  verb  willan  means  :  to  wish,  be  willing, 
desire. 

pa  he  8a  eft  ponan  ut  faran  wolde,  pa  het  he  beodan  ofer  ealle 
pa  fird  paet  hie  foron  ealle  ut  set  somne,  905  A.  So :  874. 
911  A.  921  A,  p.  103  m.  {wolde).  963  E,  p.  116  b  (2)  ;  p.  117  t. 

SCULAX. 

§  143.  As  auxiliary  verb  sculan  serves  to  express  necessity, 
obligation,  command. 


36  VERBS  IN   THE   ANGLO-SAXON. 

Her  on  |>is  tiina  leot  Ceolred  attt>  of  Medeshamstede  and  J'a 
munecas  Wulfrede  to  liande  pot  land  of  Seinpigaham,  to  paet 
foiewearde  J>aet  aefter'liis  daei  scolde  paet  land  into  pe  niinstre, 
and  Wulfred  scolde  gifen  ]>aet  land  of  Sliowa  forda  into 
Medeshamstede,  852  E. 

haefde  se  cyning  his  fierd  on  tu  tonnmen,  swa  pxt  hie  wa?ron 
siiule  liealfe  aet  ham,  healfe  ute,  butan  J)aMn  monuum  pe  pa 
burga  healdan  scoldeu  (=  had  to),  894  A,  p.  84  b. 

Sy53an  pa  com  he  to  se  cyng  Eadgar,  bed  him  pet  he  scolde 
him  giuen  ealle  pa  minstre  pa  hseSeue  men  hiefden  jer  tobrocon, 
963  E,  p.  115  m. 

and  se  cyng  pa  betsehte  pa  fyrde  to  la?dene  Ealfrice  ealdor- 
man,  and  porode  eorl,  and  uiElfstane  bisoop,  and  ^scwige 
biscop,  and  sceoldan  cunnian  gif  hi  nuihton  pone  here  ah\va?r 
utene  betraeppen,  992  E.  (Here  the  idea  of  command  may  be 
understood,  or  we  may  translate  '  were  to.') 

ac  wala  pjrt  hi  to  hvaSe  bugon,  and  flugon,  for  pam  pe  hi 
nsefdon  fultum  pe  hi  liabban  sceoldan  (=  ought  to  have  had), 
999  E. 

pa  rsedde  se  cyng  wiS  his  witan  pa?t  man  sceolde  mid  scip- 
fyrde  and  eac  mid  landfyrde  him  on'gean  faran,  999  E. 

and  swencte  paet  earme  folc  pe  on  Sam  scipon  lagon,  and  a  swa 
hit  forSwearde  beon  scolde,  swa  hit  Lnetre  waes  fram  anre  tyde 
to  oSre,  999  E. 

§  144.  The  combination  of  the  preterit  of  scninn  with  in- 
finitives is  frequently  used  like  the  modern  conditional  as  a 
substitute  for  the  preterit  subjunctive,  sometimes  expressing 
almost  pure  futurity.  See  Sweet,  N.  E.  G.,  §  2198.  Wolde  is 
generally  used  when  the  future  action  is  dej)endent  upon  tlie  will 
of  another,  sceolde  when  dependent  u])()n  the  will  of  the  s]»eaker 
or  actor.  Our  examples  sliow  exceptions  to  this  general  luU', 
however,  from  which  we  concdude  tliat  these  auxiliaries  were 
confused  at  this  period  of  O.  E.  as  in  Modern  English.  See 
§  140. 

and  hi  cwaetJon  pajt  hi  him  pet  to  handa  healdan  scoldan,  for- 
?J:in  pet  heora  nan  naes  of  faidren  halfc  geboren  butan  him 
anum,  887. 


GOVERNMENT   OF   VERBS. 


37 


and  fuhton  on  jja  burg  ealne  dseg,  and  J>ohton  pa-t  hie  hie 
sceolden  abrecan,  921  A,  p.  101  h. 

and  Jjohton  Jjget  hie  sceoldon  jjanon  of  mid  gewinue,  921  A 
p.  101 1.     So  :  p.  102  1.  994  E,  p.  129 1.  ' 


§  145.   The  use  of  sculan  in  the  following  examples  is  to  be 


noted 


and  pa  on  Jjere  nihte  tSe  hi  on  Soiie  daei  togaedere  cumon  sceol- 
don, f»a  sceoc  he  on  niht  fram  psere  fyrde  him  sylfum  to  myc- 
clum  bismore,  992  E.     sceoldon  =  '  were  to.' 

and  pa  hi  togsedere  gan  sceoldan,  pa  onsteaklon  pa  heretogan 
aerest  pone  fleam,  993  E.  sceoldan  =  were  to,  were  about  to, 
were  on  the  point  of.     So  :  998  E. 

ac  sona  swa  hie  to  Bleamfleote  comon  .  .  .  swa  hergode  he 
(on)  his  rice  pone  ilcan  ende  pe  ^pered  his  cump?eder  healdan 
sceolde.     sceolde  healdan  =  was  said  to  have  held  (?). 


H.  —  GOVERNMENT   OF   ATERBS. 

§  146.  In  the  following  lists  I  have  collected  the  verbs 
according  to  the  case  ot  cases  governed  by  them,  placing  them  in 
strict  alphabetical  order. 


147.  Verbs  with  the  Accusative. 


a-began 

acsian 

a-cuman 

Srcwellan 

a-cwencan 

d-cwjdman 

a-dil(i)gian 

a-don 

^-dr^fan 

a-drenean 

a-drifan 

aefter-cweSan 

set-ywian 

§,-f§dan 

§,-findan 

§,-flyman 


a-fyllan 

^gan 

a-hebban 

a-hon 

a-hreddan 

a-hedan 

a-lecgean 

a-lysan 

a-m§,nsumian 

a-myrran 

an-ginnan 

S-rsecan 

d-rsedan 

^-rseran 

S,-reccan 

§,r-weor5iau 


a-scunian 

§.-secgan 

a-smeagan 

^-spanan 

a-stellan 

a-stingan 

a-swebban 

a-tendan 

a-tellan 

a-teon 

a-tirabr(i)an 

a-werian 

a-westan 

S-wrecan 

a-writan 

bsernan 


38 


VERBS  IX   THE   ANGLO-SAXON. 


baunan 

erian 

ge-fetian 

be-byr(i)gian 

faestnian 

ge-Hndan 

be-ceoriau 

feccan 

ge-ttyman 

be-(lieian 

fedan 

ge-fon 

be-(li1fan 

f  erian 

ge-freoii 

be-farau 

fetian 

ge-fultuinian 

be-gau 

fiudan 

ge-gad(e)rian 

be-gitan 

fleon 

ge-gangan 

be-hidau 

Hynian 

ge-liadian 

be-landian 

f6n 

ge-halgian 

be-lendaa 

for-bternan 

ge-hawian 

be-lisnian 

for-ceoifau 

ge-healdan 

be-lucan 

for-don 

ge-hentan 

be-niman 

for-drifan 

ge-hergian 

beodan 

for-faran 

ge-horsi;iu 

be-paecan 

for-gifan 

ge-hwyrfan 

be-rsedan 

for-helan 

ge-hyran 

berau 

for-liergian 

ge-lseccan 

be-reafian 

for-ltetan 

ge-la-dan 

be-ridan 

for-seon 

ge-l»stan 

be-iowan 

for-slean 

ge-mannian 

be-sittan 

forSian 

ge-metan 

be-swicau 

for-wundian 

ge-munan 

be-syrwan 

for-wyrcan 

ge-nemnan 

betan 

fretan 

ge-nerian 

be-teon 

fripian 

ge-niman 

brecan 

fultuniian 

ge-notian 

bregan 

ge-uscian 

ge-rtucan 

brengan 

ge-betan 

ge-vidan 

bugean 

ge-bindan 

ge-iipan 

bycgan 

ge-bociau 

ge-sainniau 

bytlian 

ge-brengan 

ge-srugiau 

ceosaii 

ge-bygan 

ge-scipian 

cleofan 

ge-eeosan 

ge-scyppan 

cwcSaii 

ge-cyrvan 

ge-secan 

djelau 

ge-cySan 

ge-secgan 

derian 

ge-d&lan 

ge-sendan 

don 

ge-don 

ge-seon 

dree  fan 

ge-dygan 

ge-settan 

dreccan 

ge-ed-n6o\vian 

ge-sittau 

drifan 

ge-faistnian 

ge-slOan 

drohtnian 

ge-faran 

ge-spanan 

calgian 

go- ft"' ran 

go-st:i?Ji'lian 

6cau 

gi'-ft'iiun 

go-swican 

GOVERNINIENT   OF   VERBS. 


39 


ge-tellan 

ge-timbrau 

ge-utian 

ge-wsedian 

ge-w^gan 

ge-wiepnian 

ge-wendan 

ge-weorSian 

ge-winnan 

ge-wrecan 

ge-writan 

ge-wundian 

ge-wyldan 

ge-wyrcan 

gifian 

godian 

griSian 

habban 

hadiaii 

halgian 

h§,tan 

healdan 

hergian 

horsiau 

hyrau 

Iffidan 

Isestan 

l^etan 

lecgan 


lufian 
niacian 
mtersian 
metan 
nemnan 
of-a-slean 
ofer-ciiman 
ofer-gan 
ofer-hergiau 
of-faran 
of-feallan 
of-inyrSrian 
of-ridan 
of-sl§an 
of-stingan 
on-findan 
on-fon 
on-ginnan 
on-gitan 
on-ridan 
on-stellan 
on-teudan 
rep  dan 
rseran 
"  ricsian 
samnian 
scadan 
scotian 


scufan 

secau 

secgan 

sendan 

settan 

swencan 

teon 

tilian 

timbr(i)an 

to-brecaii 

t6-da;lan 

to-drsefan 

to-drifan 

to-niraan 

t6-\veorpan 

under-t'oii 

under-peodan 

warnian 

wealdan 

wegan 

weorpan 

weorSian 

werian 

witan 

wrecan 

writan 

wyrcan 

ymb-sittan 


148.   Verbs  with  the  Dative. 


aet-berstan 

a-swican 

a-teorian 

be-beodan 

folsrian 


fyligiau 
fylstan 
ge-gifian 
ge-miltsian 


ge-swican 
gislian 
on-fon 
peowian 


§  149.  Verbs  with  the  Genitive. 


be-stelan 

brucan 

ceapian 


earnian 

ge-fyllan 

ge-swican 


ge-tiSian 
on-fon 


40 


VERBS  IN   THE   ANGLO-SAXON. 


§  150.   The  following  ver 
Person,  the  other  of  the  thing, 
printed  with  a  capital  letter. 

acsian  (Ace.  —  dat.) 
a-gifan  (ace.  —  Dat.) 
a-sendan  (aec.  —  Dat.) 
be-e\veSan  (aec.  —  Dat.) 
be-fsestan  (aec.  —  Dat.) 
be-hatan  (ace.  —  Dat.) 
be-nteman  (gen.  —  Aec.) 
be-niman  (gen.  —  Aec.) 
beodan  (ace.  —  Dat.) 
be-sc(i)erian  (gen.  —  Ace.) 
be-taecan  (ace.  —  Dat.) 

cleopianQ^J^;rAcc.) 
for-wyrnan  (gen.  —  Dat.) 
geatan  (aec.  —  Dat.) 
ge-beodan  (ace.  —  Dat.) 


bs  govern  two  cases,  one  of  the 
The  case  denoting  the  Person  is 

, .  (  ace.  \ 

ge-cigan  (Aec  .—  |  ,^^^.  J 

ge-hatan  (Aec.  —  |  ^^^^^^  j 

ge-hyr-sumian  (ace.  —  Dat.) 

ge-unnan  (Dat.  —  | ^^^'j 

gifan  (ace.  —  Dat.) 
gyldan  (aec.  —  Dat.) 
offrian  (aec.  —  Dat.) 
swerian  (ace.  — Dat.) 
syllan  (ace.  —  Dat. j 
tiSiau  (ace. — Dat.) 
J?anciau  (Dat.  —  gen), 
unnan  (aec. — Dat.) 
wyrnan  (gen.  —  Dat.) 


§  151.   Eeflexive  Verbs. 


be-tellan 

ge-biddan 

ge-tieowsiau 

eyrran 

ge-d^lan 

ge-wendan 

etau 

ge-gad(e)rian 

ge-witan 

feran 

ge-reordian 

oj>-y\v(i)an 

i'or-wyrean 

ge-restan 

sigau 

gan 

ge-samnian 

winnan 

§  152.  Intransitive  Verbs. 

a-bliniian 

a-faran 

a-sweltan 

abreoSan 

a- fe  all  an 

a-))ystrian 

a-bysgian 

a-gan 

a-wa'cnan 

a-ewelan 

a-gangan 

a-yrnan 

a-cwincan 

a-lihtan 

ba^rnan 

a-drinean 

and-swerian 

be-cuman 

a-ebbian 

a-risan 

bo-feallan 

a^t-berstan 

a-seeaean 

be-ginnan 

a;t-l)re(lan 

a-settan 

be-lifan 

«t-flGon 

fi-sigan 

be-linipan 

a^t-stamlan 

a-sittan 

beornan 

a't-swiiiunan 

a-spvingan 

bugan 

aet-^vv(i)an 

iVstigan 

btigean 

GOVERNMENT   OF   VERBS. 


41 


byrnan 

cringan 

cumau 

cyrran 

clagian 

deunian 

dou 

eardiau 

elcian 

faran 

feallan 

feohtan 

feran 

fleogau 

foil 

for-bternan 

for-beoruan 

for-faran 

for-ridan 

forS-faran 

forS-feran 

forS-ge-witan 

for-weor3an 

frettan 

fyrdian 

gan 

gangan 

ge-biddan 


ge-biigari 

ge-byrian 

ge-cyrran 

ge-faran 

ge-feallan 

ge-feohtan 

ge-feran 

ge-gad(e)riau 

ge-leudau 

ge-limpan 

ge-ridan 

ge-wendan 

ge-weor]jan 

ge-wician 

ge-winnan 

ge-witan 

glidan 

godiaii 

griSiau 

gylpan 

hremaii 

hweorfan 

hyran 

irnan 

Ifestan 

libban 

licgan 


locian 

on-bugan 

o]?-fleon 

o3-ro\van 

oS-windan 

o]?-yw(i)an 

plegian 

re Stan 

ridau 

rynian 

scotian 

segelian 

sigan 

sittan 

sprecan 

sweltan 

to-dgelan 

to-faran 

to-feran 

to-gaa 

to-glidan 

to-hweorfan 

j)i'owian 

weaxan 

wendan 

winnan 

wunian 


153.   Impeksonal  Vekbs. 


a-be-hofian 
be-healdan 
be-hofian 


eglian 

ge-lician 

ge-pyncaa 


ge-yfelian 
of-p>yncan 
fyncau 


\ 


LIFE. 

I  WAS  born  at  Christiansburg,  Va.,  Dec.  26,  1874,  being  the 
fourth  son  of  Rev.  Daniel  Blain,  D.D.,  and  Maiy  Louisa  Blain  (nee 
Mercer).  For  three  years  I  attended  the  Montgomery  Male 
Academy.  From  my  thirteenth  to  my  sixteenth  year  I  was  under 
my  father's  instruction,  in  his  schools  at  Williamsburg,  Va., 
Amherst,  Va.,  and  Covesville,  Va.  In  September,  1891,  I  entered 
Washington  and  Lee  University.  In  June,  1894,  I  received  the 
degree  of  A.B.  from  that  institution,  followed  by  that  of  M.A.  in 
1895.  While  a  student  at  this  University  I  was  the  recipient  of 
scholarships  in  Greek  and  English,  and  the  Robinson  Prize  Medal 
in  Ancient  and  Modern  Languages. 

My  first  year  as  a  teacher  (1895-96)  was  spent  in  Covesville, 
Va.,  as  Assistant  Principal  of  the  Cove  Academy.  I  then  accepted 
the  position  of  Instructor  in  English  and  Romance  Languages  at 
the  University  of  Va.,  assisting  my  old  instructor,  Prof.  J.  A. 
Harrison.  During  my  two  years  there  (1896-98)  I  pursued  post- 
graduate studies  in  English,  German,  and  French,  completing  all 
the  requirements  for  the  degree  of  Ph.D.  except  the  Dissertation. 
The  session  1897-98  found  me  Professor  of  English  and  Modern 
Languages  in  the  Speers-Langford  Military  Institute,  Searcy,  Ark., 
to  which  place  I  returned  the  following  session  as  Assistant  Prin- 
cipal. In  the  mean  time  I  had  succeeded  in  completing  my  Ph.D. 
dissertation,  and  it  had  just  received  the  approval  of  the  Univer- 
sity authorities  when,  in  February,  1899,  it  was  destroyed  by  fire. 
Deeming  it  best  to  be  near  the  University  in  order  that  I  might 
have  access  to  the  proper  reference  books  in  reproducing  the  dis- 
sertation, and  for  other  reasons  as  well,  I  accepted  a  position  at  the 
Fishburne  Military  School.  On  June  26  I  was  united  in  marriage 
to  Miss  Mary  Moore  Winston,  only  daughter  of  Mrs.  J.  B.  Winston, 
Principal  of  Valley  Seminary,  of  this  place.  I  am  now  serving  as 
co-Principal  of  that  institution. 

Valley  Seminary,  Waynesboro,  Va., 
Sept.  2,  1901. 


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